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Field Guide to Western Atlantic Coral Diseases and Other Causes of Coral Mortality
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Types of Coral Disease and Their Identification

Patchy Necrosis/White Pox

Colonies with this condition have small (2-10 cm diameter) circular to irregular patches of denuded skeleton that will increase in diameter an additional 1-10 cm over a period of 5-7 days.

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Branch tips of elkhorn coral with a recent infection of patchy necrosis
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Elkhorn coral with patchy necrosis in two locations
The disease typically affects the top surface of elkhorn coral (A. palmata) branches, and is observable as one or more irregular patches of denuded skeleton. In most cases most of the affected tissue dies rapidly, and subsequent enlargement of the bare skeletal areas slows after a few days and eventually stops.
A bacterium has been identified as a causal agent.


In general, corals lose relatively small patches of tissue, then the disease becomes dormant, but colonies may be reinfected in a new location at a later date. After several infection events, A. palmata branches are a mosaic of live tissue interspersed with white, recently killed areas and older lesions colonized by turf algae. Once tissue mortality stops, living tissue that surrounds the lesion grows inward, progressively healing over the lesion.

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Colony of elkhorn coral with new areas affected by patchy necrosis, areas that previously died and areas that are showing tissue regrowth
Click on the image for a larger version Colony of elkhorn coral that experienced partial tissue loss possibly from patchy necrosis. Mortality has stopped, and lesions have begun to heal. The narrow white band that surrounds the perimeter of the lesion is new tissue that has has begun to grow back over the patches of algal-covered skeleton.

Predation by several corallivores causes patterns of tissue loss that may be similar to patchy necrosis/white pox including snail predation and Yellow Tail Damselfish Predation as shown in the photo to the right.
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Text and photographs: Andrew Bruckner (andy.bruckner@noaa.gov) of NOAA Fisheries
Page design: James O'Carroll (james.ocarroll@unep-wcmc.org) of UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
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