Conflict and the Environment in Iraq

References:

Species

Carp, E. 1975 Waterfowl counts in the western Mediterranean. IWRB Bulletin No 39/40 :50-59pp.

Evans, M.I. 1994 Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. 410pp.

Green, A. 1995 Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Seminar for the presentation of action plans for European globally threatened birds, Strasbourg, 19-21 June 1995. International action plan for the Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris). Council of Europe, Strasbourg. 32pp.

Gretton, A. 1995 Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Seminar for the presentation of action plans for European globally threatened birds, Strasbourg, 19-21 June 1995. International action plan for the Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris). Council of Europe, Strasbourg. 29pp.

Heredia, B. 1995 Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Seminar for the presentation of action plans for European globally threatened birds, Strasbourg, 19-21 June 1995. International action plan for the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Council of Europe, Strasbourg. 27pp.

Hussain, N.A., Younis, K.H., Yousif, U.H. 2001 Evaluation of environmental degradation in the fish assemblage of Shatt Al-Arab river. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 33 (2) :93-98.

Leviton, A.E., Anderson, S.C., Adler, K., Minton, S.A. 1992 Handbook to Middle East Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, USA. vii + 252pp.

Lewis, J.G.E. 2001 Scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) collected in northern Iraq by Dr Hywel Roberts with a review of previous records. Arthropoda Selecta 10 (2) :151-154.

Mallon, D.P., Kingswood, S.C. 2001 Antelopes: global survey and regional action plans. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. viii + 260pp.

Nellis, D.W. 1989 Herpestes auropunctatus. Mammalian Species (342) :1-6.

Perennou, C., Mundkur, T., Scott, D.A. 1994 The Asian waterfowl census 1987-91: distribution and status of Asian waterfowl. IAWB Publication No 86 / IWRB Publication No 24. IWRB, Slimbridge, UK. v + 372pp.

Rydell, J. 1993 Eptesicus nilssonii. Mammalian Species (430) :1-7.

Salim Mudhafar, A. 2002 The first records, including breeding of black-winged kite Elanus caeruleus in Iraq. Sandgrouse 24 (2) :136-138.


Habitats

Carp, E., Scott, D.A. c 1994 The wetlands and waterfowl of Iraq. (Report on the joint expedition of the International Waterfowl Research Bureau and the University of Basrah, Iraq: 10 January to 3 February 1979. 18 +pp.

Chapman, G.W. 1948 Forests in Iraq. Unasylva. Vol. 2, No. 5, September-October 1948. FAO, Rome Italy.

Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Hamilton, A.C. 1994 Centres of Plant Diversity: a guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 1. IUCN, Cambridge, UK. xiv + 354pp.

Evans, M.I. 2001 The Ecosystem. Draft paper for conference "Iraqi Marshlands: Prospects" London, 21st May 2001, organized by the Amar International Charitable Foundation.

FAO. 2001 State of the World's Forests 2001. FAO, Rome, Italy. 181pp.

Guest, E. 1966 Flora of Iraq. Volume 1: introduction. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad. xvi + 213pp.

IUCN. 1992 Protected Areas of the World: A review of national systems. Volume 2: Palaearctic. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Xxxviii + 556pp

Mabbutt, J.A., Floret, C. 1980 Case studies on desertification. Natural Resources Research (Unesco) 18 279pp.

Maltby, E. 1994 An Environmental and Ecological Study of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia. AMAR Appeal Trust, Exeter, UK.

Partow, H. 2001 The Mesopotamian marshlands: demise of an ecosystem. Early Warning and Assessment Technical Report (UNEP) UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3. x + 46 More information

Pearce, F. 1993 Draining life from Iraq's marshes. New Scientist 138 17 April :11-12pp.

Scott, D.A. 1995 A Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. xvii + 560pp.

Townsend, C.C., Guest, E. 1966 Flora of Iraq. Volume 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad. vii + 184pp.

UNEP. 1983 Action plan for the protection of the marine environment and the coastal areas of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No 35. 15pp.

UNEP. 1999 Overview on land-based sources and activities affecting the marine environment in the ROPME sea area. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies (168) 127pp.


Effects of the Last Gulf War

Barnaby, F. 1991 The environmental effect of the Gulf war. Ecologist 21 (4) :166-172.

Canby, T.Y. 1991 After the storm: sandwiched between blackened sand and sky, camels search for untainted shrubs and water in the burning oil fields of southern Kuwait. National Geographic 180 (2) :2-35.

IUCN Commission on Ecology, ICBP, IWRB 1968 Proceedings of a Technical Meeting on Wetland Conservation held in Ankara, Bursa, Istanbul, on 9-16 October 1967. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. 273pp.

Whitehead, M., Barker, S. 1993 Saddam's killing fields. (Viewpoint '93). External Affairs, Central Television, Birmingham, UK. 15pp.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1991 Gulf War Environmental Information Service: Impact on the land and Atmosphere. Cambridge UK. 37pp.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1991 Gulf War Environmental Information Service: Impact on the Marine Environment. Cambridge, UK. 36pp.


The Effects of Vehicles on Deserts

Adams, J.A., Endo, A.S., Stolzy, L.H., Rowlands, P.G., Johnson, H.B. 1982 Controlled experiments on soil compaction produced by off-road vehicles in Mojave Desert California USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 19 (1):167-176.

Belnap, J. 1995 Surface disturbances: Their role in accelerating desertification. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37 (1-3):39-57.

Belnap, J. 2002 Impacts of off-road vehicles on nitrogen cycles in biological soil crusts: resistance in different U.S. deserts. Journal of Arid Environments 52 (2) :155-165.

Brown, G., Schoknecht, N. 2001 Off-road vehicles and vegetation patterning in a degraded desert ecosystem in Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments 49 (2):413-427.

Misak, R.F., Al-Awadhi, J.M., Omar, S.A. Shahid, S.A. 2002 Soil degradation in Kabd area, southwestern Kuwait City. Land Degradation & Development 13 (5):403-415.

Spencer, M. 1982 The Marsh Arabs revisited. Aramco World 33 (2) (March/April) c:33-36pp.


Other

Turner, B. 2002 The Statesman's Yearbook. The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World 2003. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire. 2060pp.

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The contents of these webpages do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP-WCMC, contributory organizations, editor or publisher. The designations employed and their representation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organizations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name or allegiances.