| Preliminary List of Threatened Trees of Sumatra |
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This list includes tree species of Sumatra which have a global threat category following the 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The categories have been applied during an international project to evaluate the conservation status of trees worldwide funded by the Government of the Netherlands. The project is being undertaken by WCMC in association with IUCN/SSC and a wide range of other organisations and individual experts. Where the IUCN categories have been applied to species in the list the assessor is given. A report of the Viet Nam Regional Workshop which formed the basis for some of the assessments is available from WCMC. IUCN global threat categories have been applied to all the dipterocarps but the categories are given here only for species endemic to Sumatra. The summary information on dipterocarps given below has been prepared by WCMC from literature. The list also includes species which are suspected to be globally threatened and are currently being evaluated. References which refer to the species name or supplement the summary text are provided. Threatened tree species which are endemic to Sumatra are marked with an asterisk. Comments are welcomed on this preliminary list. Sumatra has over 180 endemic tree species many of which will be under threat from the fires. Acer laurinum Aceraceae China (Guangdong - Hainan), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand A montane forest tree rare in Sumatra. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 6726, 8507, 14808, 18327, 19017 Afzelia rhomboidea Leguminosae VU A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines? A slow-growing species scattered on low hills and ridges and temporarily inundated sites. The timber is regarded as very valuable locally and, in the past, exploitation has been considerable in the Philippines. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 4919, 5550, 12937, 14573, 19057 Agathis borneensis Araucariaceae VU A1cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) The taxonomy of the species is not resolved. The taxon here represents a tree ranging in Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra to the Philippines, where it meets and is perhaps not distinguishable from A. dammara. Agathis species are distinctive, highly-sought and exploited for their valuable timber. Large stands of this species have been completely extracted in much of its range, most notably in Kalimantan. Exploitation continues to be heavy and regeneration in residual stands is insufficient to replace lost populations. In the past the tree has also been destructively expoited for copal. Plantations are now established. Assessor: SSC Conifer Specialist Group Refs: 5550, 6851, 9328, 10244, 14573 Aglaia membranifolia Meliaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree is only known from a few herbarium specimens. Refs: 6509 Aglaia rubiginosa Meliaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines, Singapore An emergent tree of freshwater peat swamp forest, also found in dry heath forest, kerangas, lowland primary forest and hill forest. The wood is used in house and boat building. Refs: 5550, 8865, 9199, 10547, 11145, 12937, 18327 Aglaia yzermannii Meliaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This small, locally common rheophyte is only found in riverine forest on granite soils, especially next to the deeper areas of fast flowing stony rivers. It is known from only one locality in Sumatra. Refs: 6509 Anisoptera costata Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam A large tree of semi-evergreen dipterocarp, evergreen and humid lowland forest that occurs on land which is at a premium for conversion to crops. In some areas it is an exceptionally rare tree and in the Philippines it is known from only one collection. It is a major commercial timber species and is used for general construction, veneer and plywood. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 10013, 14573 Anisoptera curtisii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A species which occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest species, mainly on coastal hills and inland ridges. The wood is utilized. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 14573, 18243 Anisoptera laevis Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A timber tree which is widespread and recorded in a number of proposed reserve sites. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 7875, 9169, 9199 Anisoptera marginata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species of mixed peat-swamp forest and heath forest.The timber is used for house construction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Anisoptera megistocarpa Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A large tree scattered throughout mixed dipterocarp forest on well-drained soil. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199 Aquilaria beccariana Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia This species occurs in primary and secondary forest, sometimes in swamp forest, up to 800m altitude. The heartwood of Aquilaria species infected by certain fungi, known as 'agarwood' or 'gaharu', has a high commercial value for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Since 'gaharu' is so valuable, the trade in the diseased wood has increased over the past decade resulting in over-exploitation throughout its range. Refs: 1766, 19059 Aquilaria hirta Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore A small tree occurring in lowland forest on hill slopes. The heartwood, known as 'agarwood' or 'gaharu' has a high commercial value for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Since 'gaharu' is so valuable, the trade in the diseased wood has increased over the past decade resulting in over-exploitation throughout its range. Refs: 9199, 19059 Aquilaria malaccensis Thymelaeaceae VU A1cd Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Iran, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand A large evergreen tree found in forests on the foothills of mountains. For centuries this species has been traded internationally for the valuable 'agar' or 'gaharu' wood. Most of the agarwood on the market is collected from the wild as the few plantations set up in the early 1900s either are under pressure or have been destroyed. Illegal trade has been reported in India, Indonesia and Viet Nam. Listed on CITES Appendix II. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 1086, 5550, 5626, 6646, 8865, 9199, 9328, 10471, 12959, 14490, 17140, 19058, 19059 Aquilaria microcarpa Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Singapore This species grows in lowland forest up to 200m altitude. The heartwood has a high commercial value for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Since 'gaharu' is so valuable, the trade in the diseased wood has increased over the past decade resulting in over-exploitation throughout its range. Refs: 9199, 16104, 19059 Burkillanthus malaccensis Rutaceae VU C2a Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A small tree from a monotypic genus. Solitary trees or small groups of trees occur on stream banks, slopes and on ridge tops in primary and secondary forest in lowland areas. In Sarawak, the species is known from a single specimen collected in 1961 from primary riparian forest in the Labang Forest Reserve, Bintulu. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 14541, 19017 Calophyllum macrocarpum Guttiferae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand A large tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest, in periodically inundated forest and in hill forest up to 800 m altitude. The wood is used as bintangor timber. Refs: 9199, 14573, 17140 Calophyllum rigidum Guttiferae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A scattered and uncommon tree found in mixed diptercarp forest. In Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra the species occurs in swamp forest and in Sarawak it occurs more in heath forest. The wood is used for ship-building and general construction and is traded as 'bintangor'. Refs: 9199, 12937, 14573 Calophyllum sclerophyllum Guttiferae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree restricted to but common in freshwater peat swamps or periodically inundated lowland forest. The hard, durable wood is used as bintangor timber for general construction. Calophyllum sundaicum Guttiferae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A tree confined to peat swamp, except for an occasional occurrence in heath forest in Sarawak. It is probably exploited for its 'bintangor' timber. Refs: 9199, 14573 Canarium pseudodecumanum Burseraceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Thailand An uncommon large tree found scattered in primary forest on undulating swamp land up to 280 m.The timber is traded as 'kedondong'. There is concern over its status in Sabah. Refs: 7673, 11145, 17140, 19017, 19026 Canarium pseudopatentinervium Burseraceae VU A1c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) An uncommon tree restricted to lowland primary forest. In Sarawak, the species is only known from a single collection from Belaga. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 11145, 19017 Cantleya corniculata Icacinaceae VU A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia?, Sabah, Sarawak) Scattered below 300m in primary freshwater swamp forests and hill forests in drier areas, this tree is exploited for its highly valued timber. There is great demand for the heavy, hard wood having a fragrance similar to sandalwood for which it is used as a substitute. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 5550, 6426, 12937 Combretocarpus rotundatus Anisophylleaceae VU A1cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This monotypic genus is restricted to peat swamp forest throughout Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Larger trees occur in the wetter swamp forests. The timber is used for railway sleepers and heavy construction. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 19017 Cotylelobium melanoxylon Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Diospyros pilosanthera Ebenaceae Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra), Malaysia? (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam Found in primary forest up to 900m, this tree is frequently found in peat-swamp forest, swampy areas and river valley forest. In the Philippines it is found in forest fragments smaller than 50 kmē. Forests containing this species have been degraded by legal and illegal logging and loss of habitat due to land conversion. Refs: 3683, 4919, 9199, 11145, 12937, 14903, 17140, 19066 Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpaceae Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A species found scattered in the greatly reduced lowland evergreen forests of South East Asia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 6646, 7673, 9169 Dipterocarpus borneensis Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is commonly found in lowland heath forest and occasionally in mixed swamp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573 Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. penangianus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A lowland subspecies found on well-drained land in humid areas. The strong timber is utilised for heavy construction and the wood-oil once had commercial value. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199 * Dipterocarpus cinereus Dipterocarpaceae EX Indonesia (Sumatra) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Dipterocarpus concavus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 * Dipterocarpus conformis ssp. conformis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) This variety is confined to lowland and hill dipterocarp forests in north-west Sumatra. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Dipterocarpus coriaceus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140 Dipterocarpus cornutus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140 Dipterocarpus costulatus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A large tree exploited for the keruing timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 Dipterocarpus elongatus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A large tree of secondary and primary forest and fresh-water swamp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 18243 Dipterocarpus eurynchus Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Philippines A species with a localised distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest on leached clay soils. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 10547 Dipterocarpus fagineus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9169, 10547 Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpaceae Bangladesh, India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand A large tree found in lowland seasonal semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is one of the important sources of keruing timber in Indo-China and is often used as a commercial grade plywood. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 15754 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpaceae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam A relict species from the Pleistocene Sundaland which was once covered with semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest. It occurs in primary semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. Substantial amounts of keruing timber and also large quantities of oleo-resin are harvested. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 3998, 6646, 9169, 9199, 17140 Dipterocarpus hasseltii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A large tree of lowland dipterocarp forest, cut for keruing timber. It is recorded in the sacred forest of Sanggen, Bali. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5054, 5550, 7673, 9169 Dipterocarpus humeratus Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This keruing timber species is scattered or semi-gregarious on undulating land and clay ridges below 700 m altitude. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573 Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpaceae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A species which is locally common in lowland semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest. It is cut for keruing timber and is the main source of wood-oil (damar minyak or gurjun balsam) for the region. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140, 19093 Dipterocarpus kunstleri Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak), Philippines Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Dipterocarpus lowii Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree which is an important source of keruing timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 Dipterocarpus palembanicus ssp. palembanicus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore The subspecies has a local distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest on hills up to 650 m. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 9501, 14573 Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpaceae China (Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam A large timber tree which is widely occuring in moist evergreen, sometimes semi-deciduous, montane forest. In China, the species is confined to an area of 30 kmē in Yingjiang, where a nature reserve has been set up. There is still some threat of habitat conversion. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 1818, 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 11847, 15754 Dipterocarpus rigidus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) A large tree which is locally abundant in dry forest on coastal hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore In Peninsular Malaysia, this very large tree is an important source of keruing timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140 Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A timber tree, locally common on ridges in mixed dipterocarp forest. The keruing timber is exploited, especially in Brunei and parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573 Dryobalanops aromatica Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A very large gregarious tree which provides most of the kapur timber and camphor for Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. It has recently been determined that D. sumatrensis is a synonym of D. aromatica; the name D. aromatica has been conserved. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3738, 10547, 13857 Dryobalanops oblongifolia ssp. occidentalis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large tree restricted to shallow acidic soils. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Durio carinatus Bombacaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A species found in marshy areas, especially peat-swamp forest. It is primarily used for its timber, however the tasteless fruit can be eaten. Refs: 11145, 17140 Durio griffithii Bombacaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A fairly widespread species restricted to lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Fruits are set relatively rarely because of a strong self-incompatibility within individual trees. The species does, however, flower reliably and could be used as a genetic source for the improvement of cultivated durian. Refs: 9199, 10547, 17140, 18327 Durio lowianus Bombacaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This large, emergent tree occurs in rainforest up to an altitude of 150 m. It flowers infrequently. The wood is believed to be used as durian timber. Refs: 10547 Durio malaccensis Bombacaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia An understorey tree, found in rainforest up to 800 m in altitude. It is of some interest as a potential genetic resource because of its annual flowering. Refs: 11145, 12937, 16121 Durio oxleyanus Bombacaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) An emergent tree found in the moister areas of lowland rainforest. The fruits are collected from the wild but the species is rarely cultivated because of its infrequent fruiting. Primarily used for its timber, levels of exploitation have led to concern over genetic erosion in some areas. Refs: 8865 Durio zibethinus Bombacaceae Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines The main source of durian fruit, the range of the species in the wild is not known with certainty. Wild trees may exist on Sumatra and Borneo. Cultivated trees are found in a range stretching from southern India to New Guinea. The species provides an important crop for Viet Nam and Myanmar. There is some concern over genetic erosion in some areas. Refs: 2072, 3738, 16121 * Elaeocarpus beccarii ssp. sumatrana Elaeocarpaceae VU B1+2c, D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) Known only from the type collection this newly described subspecies is found in lowland ridge forest in Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4074 * Elaeocarpus brigittae Elaeocarpaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) A newly described species known from montane rainforest and mossy forest in Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4074 *Elaeocarpus simaluensis Elaeocarpaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) A species known from one location in swamp forest on Simalue Island, north-west Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4074 Elaeocarpus submonoceras ssp. submonoceras Elaeocarpaceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree known from primary forest in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, where it has not been collected since 1929. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4074 Endocomia canarioides Myristicaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam? A fairly widespread tree found in evergreen forest, open bamboo forest and lowland rainforest below 300m. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 9199, 9603, 19078 Eusideroxylon zwageri Lauraceae VU A1cd+2cd Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines Generally a species of lowland primary forest. Belian or Ironwood is one of the most renowned timbers of Borneo, the decline of which was first noted in 1955. Population reduction due to over-exploitation and shifting agriculture has been noted in the following regions: Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sabah, Sarawak and the Philippines. Indonesia has banned the export of this species and Sarawak has placed restrictions on export; Sabah and Kalimantan continue to export belian. The ability to regenerate in logged-over forests is limited. So far it is only planted on a small scale because large scale plantations are limited by inadequate seeds and seedling supply. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 898, 3122, 7087, 7461, 12937, 13395, 14573, 17235, 19026 *Gonystylus acuminatus Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A lowland tree restricted to Sumatra. Refs: 1766 Gonystylus bancanus Thymelaeaceae VU A1cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A gregarious, often dominant tree of lowland freshwater swamp and peat-swamp forest up to 100m altitude in south-west Peninsular Malaysia, south-east Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo. This species has been heavily depleted as it is the most important source of 'ramin' timber. It is threatened by over-exploitation and habitat loss. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 7673, 14448, 14573, 17140 Gonystylus confusus Thymelaeaceae Indonesia? (Sumatra?), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree confined to non-inundated lowland rainforest up to 600m altitude. Trees are cut for 'ramin' timber. Refs: 9199, 14573, 17140 Gonystylus forbesii Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This tree is fairly common in swamp forest, especially near streams and in dryland rainforest up to 1200m. The timber is used as 'ramin', but is only of minor importance. Refs: 1766, 14573 Gonystylus macrophyllus Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Papua New Guinea (North Solomons), Philippines?, Solomon Islands (South Solomon) A widespread tree occurring in primary forest reaching an altitude of 1500m in some areas. However , this species might eventually be split into several distinct species, as the present species concept might be too wide. It is one of the important 'ramin' timber species and the heartwood is used as incense. Refs: 1766, 4919, 12937, 14573, 17140 Gonystylus maingayi Thymelaeaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Restricted to primary rainforest and peat-swamp forest up to 200m altitude, this tree is exploited for its valuable 'ramin' timber. The roots are used locally as a medicine administered after childbirth. Refs: 7673, 9199, 14573 Gonystylus velutinus Thymelaeaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan?, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah?, Sarawak?) Scattered and locally common in primary rainforest, this species is used as 'ramin' for house construction and planks. Refs: 14573 * Hopea bancana Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra) Endemic to Sumatra, this species is seriously threatened by the loss of its forest habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673 Hopea beccariana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand Widespread on coastal hills and inland ridges, this tree is an important source of heavy merawan timber and dammar resin. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Hopea bilitonensis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This lowland forest species is seriously threatened by the loss of its habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Hopea cernua Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This species grows in mixed dipterocarp forest on fertile soils up to 1650m. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573
Hopea dryobalanoides Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Widespread and locally common in the lowlands, this species is found on clay-rich fertile soils on undulating land and well-drained flat land. The wood is used as merawan timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573 Hopea ferruginea Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 13857, 16104 Hopea kerangasensis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Hopea mengerawan Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore Scattered throughout lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, this species is an important source of merawan timber and also produces a good quality dammar resin. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199 Hopea montana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) This tree is found infrequently on hill slopes in dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 13857 Hopea myrtifolia Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This tree grows in deep fertile soils on well drained land. The species provides a merawan timber and a good quality dammar resin. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573 Hopea nervosa Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This species is locally common on lowland clay-rich fertile soil. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 * Hopea nigra Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A tree endemic to the lowland forests of Sumatra, where it is severely threatened by the loss and degradation of the habitat. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Hopea pachycarpa Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree found in mixed dipterocarp forest. A reserve has been proposed where the species occurs. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 * Hopea paucinervis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) This species is possibly extinct. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Hopea pierrei Dipterocarpaceae Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand, Viet Nam A relatively small dipterocarp which is found mainly in lowland evergreen rain forest on sandy soils but also in heath forest in parts of Indo-China. It is a valued timber species in Viet Nam and Cambodia. The Viet Namese population has decreased due to exploitation and habitat reduction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 848, 7673, 9169, 14573 Hopea sangal Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Is, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand A riparian tree which is scattered but locally common. It is commonly cut as merawan timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 5550, 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140 Hopea semicuneata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of lowland dipterocarp forest on clay-rich alluvium. It is often cut for its giam timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 *Horsfieldia atjehensis Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) A montane forest species known from 1 collection from North Aceh. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 319, 10547 Horsfieldia fulva Myristicaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree occuring in lowland rainforest up to 200m in Jambi province, Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia the species is threatened by urban expansion and logging activities. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 11647, 19073, 19078 *Horsfieldia hirtiflora Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) A small tree which is only known from 3 collections from Tapanuli and the east coast. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 3597, 10547 Horsfieldia macilenta Myristicaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A rare tree found growing in lowland primary mixed dipterocarp forest and swamp forest. There are 8 collections in total. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 3597 * Horsfieldia macrothyrsa Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra) A small tree of submontane and riverine forest apparantly restricted to Mt Sago, Central Sumatra and Northern Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 3597, 10547 Horsfieldia penangiana ssp. penangiana Myristicaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree found in primary dry montane forest. It is known from 7 collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 2147 Horsfieldia pulcherrima Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A rare tree found in lowland primary forest and swamp forest. It is known from 5 collections from Pahang and Johore and 1 sterile collection from Jambi, Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 319 Horsfieldia sparsa Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand An uncommon tree found in both primary and secondary dryland forest and in periodically inundated forest up to 350m altitude. Widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, this species is additionally known from a single collection from Peninsular Thailand, 2 collections from northern Sumatra and 1 collection from Singapore. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 9199 Horsfieldia superba Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree scattered in lowland, hill and swamp forest. This species has not been collected recently and it is threatened by the expansion of human habitation and logging. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 319, 9199, 17140, 19073, 19078 Horsfieldia tomentosa Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore?, Thailand A tree of lowland and hill forest found up to 300m altitude. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 319, 9199 * Horsfieldia triandra Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) A tree known from two collections in central and south Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 319, 10547 Horsfieldia tristis Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) A species known from 5 localities in lowland forest. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 319 Horsfieldia valida Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Kalimantan?, Sumatra) This tree is known from 5 collections taken from primary and ravine forest on the east and west coast of Sumatra. A collection, which is doubtfully this species, was taken from Mt Damoes, West Kalimantan. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 3597, 10547 Hydnocarpus sumatrana Flacourtiaceae DD Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand A timber species occuring in rainforest in hilly or steep locations up to 200m. It used to be common on Java. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 6426, 7673, 9328, 12937, 19057 Knema andamanica ssp. nicobarica Myristicaceae VU D2 India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A total of 6 collections are known of this rainforest tree, taken from Nicobar Is., Penang Is. and Atjeh in Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 10460 Knema curtisii var. paludosa Myristicaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak), Singapore A variety found predominantly in fresh-water swamp forest where it has been infrequently collected. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 9199, 10460 Knema hookerana Myristicaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand A distinctive species which occurs from southern Peninsular Thailand to Sumatra; no recent collections have been made of this species. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 9199, 10460 Knema intermedia Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore Farily widespread in west Malesia, however the species has only been collected twice in recent years. Assessor: de Wilde, W.J.J.O. Refs: 9199, 10460, 17140 * Knema kunstleri ssp. macrophylla Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) Only known from the type collection from the Irdragiri Uplands, the subspecies occurs in lowland swamp forest. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 10460, 10547 Knema lampongensis Myristicaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) A total of 5 collections have been found on the east coast and Riouw Island off Sumatra and the Anambas Islands off Borneo. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 10460 * Knema losirensis Myristicaceae LR/cd Indonesia (Sumatra) This tree has only been found in northern Sumatra. It is present in the Gunung Leuser Nature Reserves. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 10460, 10547 Koompassia excelsa Leguminosae LR/cd Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand? One of the tallest rainforest trees ever reported, reaching up to 85m, found along rivers and in valleys in lowland primary forest and often in secondary growth. The trees are protected from cutting in Kalimantan because wild bees often build combs in the branches. It is also protected in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990. There is concern over its conservation status in Sabah. However, Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 4919, 12937, 14573, 17214, 19026, 19072 Koompassia malaccensis Leguminosae LR/cd Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore, Thailand This very large tree is found in freshwater peat swamp forest, usually below 150 m. It is a useful timber species for heavy construction. Koompassia timber is currently gaining importance in trade because of the shortage of heavy hardwood timber. It is protected in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 2422, 9199, 12827, 12937, 14573, 17140, 17214, 19057, 19072 Lepidopetalum montanum Sapindaceae India (Andaman and Nicobar Is - Andaman Is, Andaman and Nicobar Is - Nicobar Is), Indonesia (Sumatra) A primary forest tree confined to north Sumatra, south Andaman and Nicobar. Of the 14 collections of this species most are from the late 1800's, only a couple of collections are from the 1960's -70's. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 18389 Lophopetalum multinervium Celastraceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore This tree is found in freshwater and peat swamp forest and very occasionally in submontane forest up to 1500m. It is widely distributed in Sabah and Sarawak. There is great demand for wood of this genus which is traded as perupok. In east Kalimantan, a process has been set up to record 'superior mother trees'. Refs: 7673, 9199, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19017 Lophopetalum pachyphyllum Celastraceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree occuring in dry forest on slopes, ridges and limestone cliffs up to an elevation of 450m. In Sarawak, the species is only known from two collections from Bako National Park. The timber is used as perupok, which is in high demand. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 14573, 19017
Lophopetalum pallidum Celastraceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This tree occurs in dry primary rainforest, often on hillsides or ridge tops. It is rare in Sabah and Sarawak. The species, along with other members of the genus, is exploited for its perupok timber, for which there is high demand. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 14573, 19017 * Mangifera bompardii Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) A mountain species restricted to the Karo Highlands and Aceh between 1200 and 1700m. It represents one of two mango species which can grow at high altitudes. It is common in semi-cultivation and is potentially an important candidate in planting programmes in areas such as the Mediterranean. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 11278 Mangifera bullata Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia? (Peninsular Malaysia?, Sabah?) A tree known from two sterile collections from nothern Sumatra and a couple of dubious collections from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. It is reported to be fairly common in drained rainforest at 900m. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 11278 Mangifera decandra Anacardiaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A very large tree, reaching heights of up to 50m. It is common but very scattered within lowland evergreen rainforest. Refs: 7215, 9570 *Mangifera dewildei Anacardiaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) Found in lowland rainforest, this massive tree is only known from the type locality in North Sumatra Leuser Nature Reserve at 400m. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 11278 Mangifera kemanga Anacardiaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A very popular fruit tree in west Java where it is commonly sold in markets, occasionally reaching the supermarkets of Jakarta. It is restricted to the wet tropical lowland where it is only known in cultivation or semi-cultivation; it is possibly extinct in the wild. Very rarely found in Borneo, it was once cultivated in Sabah near Kota Kinabalu, but has since been reported to have disappeared. Hybrids of this species with Mangifera caesia have been found in Kalimantan. Refs: 11278, 16394 Mangifera lalijiwa Anacardiaceae DD Indonesia (Bali, Java, Sumatra?) There is some question over the existence of this large forest tree in the wild. A population is known from an area between Semarang and Yogyakarta in central Java. There are also possible occurrences in Madura, Java, Bali and Sumatra and perhaps further afield. In Java encroaching agriculture and logging has almost completely eradicated lowland forest. This species is obviously highly valued for its fruit which appear in large quantities in local markets. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 9078, 11278 Mangifera leschenaultii Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) A tree of tropical, wet, lowland areas throughout western Malesia, where it is also widely cultivated. Despite the species being extensively planted, there is curiously little known about it. Kostermans and Bompard consider it to be one of the few species in the genus "in real danger of extinction". Refs: 11278 Mangifera longipetiolata Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) This uncommon tree occurs in wet evergreen forest. It is probably extinct on Java. The fruit is unlikely to be eaten and the wood is reputed to be used. Refs: 11278 Mangifera macrocarpa Anacardiaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore, Thailand A large tree extremely scattered and localised within lowland wet evergreen rainforest. The species is rarely found in cultivation as it flowers and fruits infrequently and the fruit is rarely, if ever, eaten. It is possibly extinct in Java. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 7215, 9199, 9328, 9570, 11479 Mangifera microphylla Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) An uncommon poorly-known species which prefers wet lowland evergreen forest. It is in cultivation but flowers and fruits infrequently. It has not been re-collected from the wild in recent years. Refs: 11278, 16394 Mangifera odorata Anacardiaceae EW This tree has never been found in the wild and its origin remains a mystery. It is commonly cultivated in high rainfall areas of east Asia for its popular fruit, especially in areas where Mangifera indica can't be grown. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4377, 5054, 5550, 9199, 9570, 11278, 12937 Mangifera paludosa Anacardiaceae EN A1c+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A tree found in freshwater marshy areas and mangrove swamp in southern Peninsular Malaysia, Riau Is., Bangka Is, Jambi and Palembang, Sumatra. It is thought to be extinct in Singapore due to urban expansion into the mangrove areas. It is suspected to be "in real danger of extinction" according to Kostermans. An occurrence is recorded in Berbak Nature Reserve in Sumatra. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4377, 16394 Mangifera rigida Anacardiaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah) A tree restricted to lowland rainforest in north-west Borneo, Sumatra and Simaloer Island. Refs: 8969, 11278, 16394 Mangifera rubropetala Anacardiaceae EW Yet to be found in the wild, this species is cultivated widely in Sabah, Sarawak and also south Kalimantan and probably Sumatra. Its tasty fruit are similar to the common mango. It is adapted to wet lowland conditions and is best grown in areas without a pronounced dry season. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 11278 Mangifera rufocostata Anacardiaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) One of the tallest trees in the genus reaching 53 m in height, it is found scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. The species produces a sour-tasting fruit after a long dry spell when other food is scarce. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4377, 8969, 11278 * Mangifera similis Anacardiaceae VU A1c Indonesia (Sumatra) Restricted to south Kalimantan and Palembang in Sumatra, this rare tree is found in lowland rainforests. It was introduced to Java where it is now cultivated. The specimen from Sumatra is slightly different. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 15991 Mangifera subsessilifolia Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore A rare tree scattered in lowland wet evergreen forest. In Singapore, only 1 tree remains on Bukit Timah. Refs: 4377, 11278 Mangifera swintonioides Anacardiaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah) A fairly large tree found in lowland wet evergreen forests in western Malesia. The fruit is a scarcity food and is used in sambal. Refs: 4377, 11278 Merrillia caloxylon Rutaceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia (ex), Sabah), Thailand Solitary trees of this monotypic genus are scattered in lowland moist primary and secondary forest on stream banks and hill sides. It has only been collected once in Sabah from a streambank in secondary forest in Sandakan. The durable, handsome wood has been used in the past Peninsular Malaysia to make small implements. It is now presumed to be extinct in this region. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 1685, 5550, 17140, 19017 Microtropis sumatrana Celastraceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah) This tree of lowland to submontane forest up to 1050 m altitude is found in Sumatra and is uncommon in Sabah. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 19017 Myristica depressa Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A tree restricted to lowland primary mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 18022 Myristica gigantea Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree found on flat land and hillsides up to 700m altitude. The wood is used as 'penarahan' timber. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 11145 Myristica lowiana Myristicaceae LR/nt Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore This tree is mainly found in peat-swamp forest; it is rarely found on dry land. Trees are cut for 'penarahan' timber. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 9199, 11145, 12937, 18022 Nyssa javanica Cornaceae Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) This large tree is found in primary submontane forest between 1400 and 1500m. In Sarawak it is only known from Mount Kinabalu and from a single collection from the Kelabit Highlands. Refs: 19017 Ochanostachys amentacea Olacaceae DD Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A monotypic genus found scattered in the understorey, occasionally reaching the canopy, of primary and secondary lowland rainforest, often mixed dipterocarp forest. Natural regeneration is sparse and scattered, but it can be good under favourable conditions. The tree is slow growing; taking about 150 years to reach a diameter of 50 cm. The petaling timber is too scarce to be of commercial importance, however it is often traded with other medium and hard woods in mixed consignments. The wood is used for house posts and heavy construction. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 5550, 9199, 9328, 11145, 12937, 17140, 19017 Pachylarnax praecalva Magnoliaceae DD China, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Viet Nam In Viet Nam, the species occurs on high mountains in evergreen forest. It is exploited for its valuable timber and has suffered significant population declines here. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 848, 2428, 15357, 19060 *Parashorea aptera Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra) Only found below 70m in eastern Sumatra, this tree grows on sandy soils on low hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Parashorea globosa Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree suffering from degradation of the lowland dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 Parashorea lucida Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) This species is found in mixed dipterocarp forest on hills. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Parinari costata ssp. costata Chrysobalanaceae DD Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines A lowland forest tree which is uncommon in Sabah and Sarawak. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 19017 Parinari oblongifolia Chrysobalanaceae DD Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore This tree grows in lowland rainforest on riverbanks or in valleys up to 450 m altitude. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 7673, 9199, 12937, 19017 Pericopsis mooniana Leguminosae VU A1cd, D1 Federated States of Micronesia, Indonesia (Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka A fairly large tree mainly found scattered within coastal forests. The species has been heavily exploited for its beautiful timber which is in great demand and realises high prices; however, since supplies are limited, trade and export are minimal. It is threatened further by poor natural regeneration and lack of replanting. Very few stands remain in Sulawesi, it is thought to be almost extinct in Sabah, and it is considered to be rare or vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sri Lanka. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 1517, 4329, 5550, 8203, 8865, 12779, 12937, 13395, 14573, 17991, 18796, 19026, 19112 Pinus merkusii Pinaceae VU B1+2ce Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines, Viet Nam An important timber tree known from open pine woodlands in Sumatra around Lake Toba following the mountains north-east, and also in the Philippines. High levels of exploitation have resulted in populations being reduced to very low levels in the Philippines. In Sumatra the timber continues to be extracted. The effects on the population here are yet to be confirmed. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 374, 3091, 6405, 6646, 19093 Podocarpus deflexus Podocarpaceae LR/cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A shrub or small tree 10-13m tall inhabiting moist montane scrub between 1500m and 2100m altitude. This species is confined to Pahang (G. Tahan), where it has complete protection status in the national park ( Taman Negara) and North Sumatra. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 374, 6851, 8464, 19073 Pterocarpus indicus Leguminosae VU A1d Cambodia, India, Indonesia (Bali, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea), Philippines, Solomon Islands (South Solomon), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vanuatu, Viet Nam A widespread tree found up to 500m in primary forests and in some secondary forests, mainly along tidal creeks and rocky shores. The species is threatened by over-exploitation for its 'narra' timber, including illegal felling, and shifting cultivation. It has been extinct in the wild for over 300 years in Viet Nam. In Sri Lanka, the species was not found during the extensive forest surveys conducted for the National Conservation Review, suggesting the species is either extremely rare or possibly extinct. In Peninsular Malaysia, the species is possibly extinct due to exploitation of the few known stands. The largest remaining populations occur in New Guinea, however, they are being heavily exploited. It is considered vulnerable in the Philippines, endangered in India and threatened in Indonesia. Pterocarpus indicus is widely cultivated throughout the tropics. Assessor: WCMC Refs: 4919, 5550, 6125, 6156, 6426, 8058, 9328, 10013, 10571, 12779, 12937, 14573, 17140, 19057, 19112 Quassia borneensis Simaroubaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) This tree is usually found in primary mixed dipterocarp forest and occasionally in peat swamp or kerangas forests. An uncommon species so far only known from Indragiri of Sumatra, Sabah and Sarawak. In Sabah, it is only known from Pulau Gaya near Kota Kinabalu and is considered to be possibly extinct. Refs: 19017, 19026 Santiria conferta Burseraceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore This tree of submontane forest is very uncommon in Borneo; it is only known from a few collections from Sabah and Sarawak. It is also found in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Refs: 7673, 9199, 11145, 12937, 19017 * Sarcotheca laxa var. brigittae Oxalidaceae VU B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra) Confined to Aceh, Sumatra, this variety occurs in lowland rainforest. Assessor: Chung, R.C.K. Refs: 19073 *Schefflera capitulifera Araliaceae VU D2 Indonesia (Sumatra) A small hemiepiphytic tree collected 5 times in northern Sumatra. This distinctive species is found in montane forest and along forest edges in deep ravines. It is found in Gunung Leuser National Park Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 10547 Schefflera divaricata Araliaceae Indonesia (Java, Sumatra) Restricted to south Sumatra and west Java, this small tree has not been collected recently. Refs: 10547 *Schefflera multifoliolata Araliaceae EN B1+2c Indonesia (Sumatra) A montane forest tree restricted to Gunung Sibajak, Sibalangit and Banda Baru of northern Sumatra. The species' describtion was based on 8 specimens, the most recent of which was collected in 1983. The population on G. Sibajak is under pressure as this area has long been a popular tourist destination close to Medan. The habitat is also threatened by shifting cultivation. Assessor: Frodin, D. Refs: 10547 Scutinanthe brunnea Burseraceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Sri Lanka Found below 100 m in lowland forest, this species has a large range. It is uncommon in Sabah and Sarawak and of conservation concern in Sabah. It is considered vulnerable in Sri Lanka because it was found in only 3 localities during the National Conservation Review surveys and it is confined to the remnant lowland rainforests in the south-west. Refs: 7673, 12937, 17195, 19026, 19112 Shorea assamica ssp. globifera Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Philippines, Thailand Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea atrinervosa Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree locally common on hillsides and undulating land in mixed dipterocarp forest. The wood is used as balau and the Illipe nuts are collected. Refs: 14573 Shorea balangeran Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) This common tree of peat swamp forest is a major source of red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea balanocarpoides Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This tree grows on yellow sandy loam on undulating land and ridges. It is used as yellow meranti and the illipe nuts are collected locally. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea blumutensis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A slow growing species of lowland dipterocarp forest, threatened directly by logging; the tree is unlikely to reach reproductive maturity within a logging cycle. It is currently being exploited for its yellow meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 Shorea bracteolata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore Found mostly on well-drained lowland coastal hills, this tree is heavily exploited for white meranti timber especially in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140 *Shorea conica Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, C2a Indonesia (Sumatra) This species is found on undulating land near the coast. It is threatened by forest conversion and degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea dasyphylla Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) This tree is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on well-drained land and is cut for light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea dealbata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree that is locally frequent on flat coastal swamps on yellow sandy soils and on low hills. It is exploited for its white meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140 Shorea falcifera Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A slow-growing lowland forest species which is cut for Balau timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 18327 Shorea foxworthyi Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Thailand A lofty tree that is a common source of balau timber. Logging is a serious threat because the reproductive cycle of the species exceeds the present cutting cycle. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 *Shorea furfuracea Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra) Endemic to Sumatra, this tree is found in lowland mixed primary forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501 Shorea glauca Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand A semi-gregarious species that is found on rocky hillsides and ridges. It is cut for balau timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea gratissima Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand A large tree found on well-drained soil in coastal areas, felled for white meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 3998, 7673, 9169, 9199 Shorea guiso Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam A lowland forest species which is used as red balau timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 19093 Shorea hemsleyana ssp. hemsleyana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species found on leached sandy soils and in shallow peat swamp. In Sarawak trees are protected for the illipe nuts. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673 Shorea hopeifolia Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines A large tree often found along streams on clay-rich soils. A source of yellow meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 2072, 7673, 9169
Shorea javanica Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Java, Sumatra) Restricted to Sumatra and central Java, this dipterocarp is found in primary and secondary forest in both dry and periodically inundated areas. Plantations of this white meranti timber tree have been established in the south of Sumatra. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 14573 Shorea johorensis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A lofty tree locally common on well-drained soils of the lowland. This species produces a high grade light red meranti timber and for this reason it is a priority plantation tree in Indonesia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea kunstleri Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A large tree specific to leached sandy clay soils, felled for its valued red balau or red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea lamellata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A large tree that is found locally on ridges. The tree is cut for white meranti timber and the wood is tapped for its clear resin in Borneo. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 Shorea lepidota Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree that is locally common in lowland dipterocarp forest. The illipe nuts are collected on a small scale and the timber is used as light red meranti. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 Shorea leprosula Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand This species is still commonly found, but it has suffered a massive population reduction mainly because of rates of exploitation of its light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199, 17140 Shorea longisperma Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) An enormous tree of the declining mixed dipterocarp forests in Sumatra and northern Borneo. It is felled for yellow meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea macrantha Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) This species occurs in the declining mixed peat-swamp forests. The tree is exploited for its light or dark red meranti timber and its edible illipe nuts. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 Shorea macroptera ssp. macroptera Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199 Shorea materialis Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree of remaining patchy *kerangas vegetation on podzols and sandstone cuestas. It is cut for balau timber. The population in Peninsular Malaysia has declined because of over-exploitation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169, 17140 Shorea maxwelliana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) One of the main balau timber trees, occurring locally in some abundance on low ridges. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea ochrophloia Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A species, found locally on well-drained undulating low-lying ground, which is utilised as red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 Shorea ovalis ssp. ovalis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Singapore A widespread subspecies that is found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199 Shorea ovalis ssp. sericea Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) This subspecies occurs in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea ovata Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Philippines A widespread species which is cut for its dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673 Shorea parvifolia ssp. parvifolia Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore, Thailand The species is possibly the most common dipterocarp in Malesia. It is, however, heavily exploited as the main source of light red meranti timber in South East Asia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199 Shorea parvifolia ssp. velutina Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) The species is possibly the most common dipterocarp in Malesia. It is, however, heavily exploited as the main source of light red meranti timber in South East Asia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Shorea pauciflora Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore An immense tree of lowland and hill forest on well-drained soils. The species is exploited for its valuable dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
Shorea peltata Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, C2a Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of mixed dipterocarp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea platycarpa Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore A timber tree specific to mixed peat-swamp forest. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9199, 17140
Shorea platyclados Dipterocarpaceae EN A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra) A species found in hilly and mountainous areas on deep fertile soils. It produces a fine dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169
Shorea resinosa Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) A tree with a local distribution in mixed dipterocarp forest. The timber is used as a minor white meranti timber. The main threat to the species is forest conversion and degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169
Shorea retinodes Dipterocarpaceae NE Indonesia (Sumatra) This large tree is locally common on slopes up to 1000 m altitude.The timber is used as white meranti and the tree is the main source of a clear resin called 'damar mata kucing'. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 14573 Shorea scabrida Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) A light red meranti timber species found locally in swamp forest, heath forest or mixed dipterocarp forest on shallow peat soil. Assessor: Unspecified Refs: 14573 Shorea singkawang Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Thailand A dark red meranti timber species, usually found near lowland streams. The illipe nuts are collected. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 9501 Shorea teysmanniana Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A tree of mixed peat-swamp forest, exploited for light red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 Shorea uliginosa Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak) Locally abundant in mixed peat-swamp forest, this species is cut for its dark red meranti timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 17140 Sindora inermis Leguminosae VU A1d Indonesia (Sumatra), Philippines The timber of this lowland forest species is used as sepetir. The supply is very limited. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 2072, 4919, 12937, 14573 *Sindora sumatrana Leguminosae Indonesia (Sumatra) This locally abundant tree is restricted to Palembang, Sumatra and Lepar Is. The fruits are exported for their medicinal value. Refs: 14573 Sterculia scortechinii Sterculiaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) A tall tree inhabiting lowland rainforest of Sumatra, Sarawak, Sabah and the states of Johore and Perak in Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Chua, L.S.L. Refs: 8464, 19073 Strombosia javanica Olacaceae DD Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand A tree scattered throughout lowland rainforest, secondary forest and mixed dipterocarp forest. The timber is used locally in Sabah and Sarawak for house construction. Assessor: Viet Nam Regional Workshop Refs: 9199, 19017 Trigoniastrum hypoleucum Trigoniaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore This monotypic genus is widespread but uncommon; it exists in many habitat types from lowland peat swamp forest and mixed dipterocarp forest to submontane forest. Refs: 7673, 9199, 17140, 19017 Triomma malaccensis Burseraceae Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A large, emergent tree, up to 60 m in height, found scattered in the primary lowland rainforests of western Malesia. It is common in Sabah and uncommon (2 collections only) in Sarawak. Trees are cut and traded as kedondong timber, especially in Malaysia, but it is not cut selectively on a large scale. The lightweight wood has many uses. Signs of regeneration are very scarce, perhaps due to low fruit setting and seedlings seem to be affected by competition. It also regenerates badly in logged over forest. This is a monotypic genus that is considered an ancient relic because of the primative dry dehiscent fruits. Refs: 7673, 9199, 11145, 12937, 19017 Vatica brunigii Dipterocarpaceae Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak) A tree, found in heath forest in coastal areas and on dry ridges, suffering from habitat degradation. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Vatica lowii Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Vatica maingayi Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Singapore A locally frequent lowland tree which is cut for resak timber. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199 *Vatica obovata Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd Indonesia (Sumatra) Forest conversion has brought this Sumatran endemic close to extinction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Vatica pauciflora Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Locally common in freshwater swamps and on riverbanks, this tree is used as resak timber. It is collected for firewood. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9199 Vatica perakensis Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) A tree of low ridges and coastal hills found in central Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 Vatica ridleyana Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c, C2a, D1 Indonesia (Sumatra), Singapore Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169, 9199
*Vatica soepadmoi Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c, C2a Indonesia (Sumatra) Endemic to east Sumatra, this species is very close to extinction. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Vatica stapfiana Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Thailand A small dipterocarp which is scattered in lowland dipterocarp forest. This species can hybridize with the closely relatedVatica umbonata. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 *Vatica teysmanniana Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c Indonesia (Sumatra) Found in mixed swamp forest in eastern Sumatra and Bangka, the timber of this tree is locally popular mainly for house and bridge building. Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 7673, 9169 Vatica venulosa Dipterocarpaceae CR A1c Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia) Assessor: Ashton, P. Refs: 5550, 7673, 9169 Report References 319 de Wilde, W.J.J.O. 1985. A new account of the genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 3. Gardens' Bulletin 38(2): 185-225. 374 Farjon, Aljos, Christopher N. 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