UNEP-WCMC

Author	Title	Year	Journal/Proceedings	Reftype	DOI/URL
Adams, W. M. & Hutton, J.	People, Parks and Poverty: Political Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Conservation & Society	article	URL
Abstract: Action to conserve biodiversity, particularly through the creation of protected areas (PAs), is inherently political. Political ecology is a field of study that embraces the interactions between the way nature is understood and the politics and impacts of environmental action. This paper explores the political ecology of conservation, particularly the establishment of PAs. It discusses the implications of the idea of pristine nature, the social impacts of and the politics of PA establishment and the way the benefits and costs of PAs are allocated. It considers three key political issues in contemporary international conservation policy: the rights of indigenous people, the relationship between biodiversity conservation and the reduction of poverty, and the arguments of those advocating a return to conventional PAs that exclude people.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:2235247, author = {Adams, William M. and Hutton, Jon }, title = {People, Parks and Poverty: Political Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation}, journal = {Conservation \& Society}, year = {2007}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, url = {http://www.conservationandsociety.org/abs-5-2-1.html} }
Allnutt, T. R., Courtis, J. R., Gardner, M. & Newton, A. C.	Genetic variation in wild Chilean and cultivated British populations of Podocarpus salignus D. Don (Podocarpaceae). [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Edinburgh Journal of Botany	article	URL
Abstract: The threatened Chilean conifer Podocarpus salignus D. Don is currently the focus of ex situ conservation eorts being undertaken by the Conifer Conservation Programme of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. To assess variation within in and ex situ populations of the species, leaf material collected from four wild populations was analysed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). AMOVA of RAPD profiles indicated that 93 of the variation occurred within, rather than between, populations. Intraspecific genetic diversity, estimated using percentage polymorphic loci, Shannon's diversity index, and Nei's gene diversity, was relatively high (47, 0.692 and 0.314, respectively). To assess genetic diversity in ex situ populations within the UK, RAPD analysis of parents and progeny at two Cornish arboreta was undertaken. The results provided evidence of novel hybridization with suspected paternal trees (P. hallii Kirk and P. totara G. Benn. ex D. Don) endemic to New Zealand. RAPD was found to be an effective tool for assessing the genetic structure of P. salignus, for providing a guide to future germplasm-sampling strategies, and for hybrid identification. Implications for genetic conservation of the species and the role of ex situ approaches are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112862, author = {Allnutt, T. R. and Courtis, J. R. and Gardner, M. and Newton, A. C. }, title = {Genetic variation in wild Chilean and cultivated British populations of Podocarpus salignus D. Don (Podocarpaceae).}, journal = {Edinburgh Journal of Botany}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2001}, volume = {58}, pages = {459--473}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&\#38;aid=88211} }
Balmford, A., Bennun, L., Ten-Brink, B., Cooper, D., Côte, I. M., Crane, P., Dobson, A., Dudley, N., Dutton, I., Green, R. E., Gregory, R. D., Harrison, J., Kennedy, E. T., Kremen, C., Leader-Williams, N., Lovejoy, T. E., Mace, G., May, R., Mayaux, P., Morling, P., Phillips, J., Redford, K., Ricketts, T. H., Rodríguez, J. P., Sanjayan, M., Schei, P. J., van Jaarsveld, A. S. & Walther, B. A.	Ecology: The Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Science	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Governments are often accused of responding only to short-term and parochial considerations. It is therefore remarkable that representatives of 190 countries recently committed themselves at the Convention on Biological Diversity to reducing biodiversity loss. This presents conservation biologists with perhaps their greatest challenge of the decade. The authors of this Policy Forum describe approaches to identifying more of the earth's biological diversity; understanding how biological, geophysical, and geochemical processes interact; and presenting scientific knowledge in time to contribute to and achieve the 2010 target.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:221522, author = {Balmford, A. and Bennun, L. and Ten-Brink, B. and Cooper, D. and C\^{o}te, I. M. and Crane, P. and Dobson, A. and Dudley, N. and Dutton, I. and Green, R. E. and Gregory, R. D. and Harrison, J. and Kennedy, E. T. and Kremen, C. and Leader-Williams, N. and Lovejoy, T. E. and Mace, G. and May, R. and Mayaux, P. and Morling, P. and Phillips, J. and Redford, K. and Ricketts, T. H. and Rodr\'{i}guez, J. P. and Sanjayan, M. and Schei, P. J. and van Jaarsveld, A. S. and Walther, B. A. }, title = {Ecology: The Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target.}, journal = {Science}, year = {2005}, volume = {307}, number = {5707}, pages = {212--213}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1106281}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1106281} }
Balmford, A., Bruner, A., Cooper, P., Costanza, R., Farber, S., Green, R. E., Jenkins, M., Jefferiss, P., Jessamy, V., Madden, J., Munro, K., Myers, N., Naeem, S., Paavola, J., Rayment, M., Rosendo, S., Roughgarden, J., Trumper, K. & Turner, K. R.	Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Science	article	DOI URL
Abstract: On the eve of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, it is timely to assess progress over the 10 years since its predecessor in Rio de Janeiro. Loss and degradation of remaining natural habitats has continued largely unabated. However, evidence has been accumulating that such systems generate marked economic benefits, which the available data suggest exceed those obtained from continued habitat conversion. We estimate that the overall benefit:cost ratio of an effective global program for the conservation of remaining wild nature is at least 100:1.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:407498, author = {Balmford, Andrew and Bruner, Aaron and Cooper, Philip and Costanza, Robert and Farber, Stephen and Green, Rhys E. and Jenkins, Martin and Jefferiss, Paul and Jessamy, Valma and Madden, Joah and Munro, Kat and Myers, Norman and Naeem, Shahid and Paavola, Jouni and Rayment, Matthew and Rosendo, Sergio and Roughgarden, Joan and Trumper, Kate and Turner, Kerry R. }, title = {Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature}, journal = {Science}, year = {2002}, volume = {297}, number = {5583}, pages = {950--953}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1073947}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1073947} }
Balmford, A., Gaston, K. J., Blyth, S., James, A. & Kapos, V.	Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA	article	URL
Abstract: Our ability to identify cost-efficient priorities for conserving biological diversity is limited by the scarcity of data on conservation costs, particularly at fine scales. Here we address this issue using data for 139 terrestrial programs worldwide. We find that the annual costs of effective field-based conservation vary enormously, across seven orders of magnitude, from <0.1 to >1,000,000 per km2. This variation can be closely predicted from positive associations between costs per unit area and an array of indices of local development. Corresponding measures of conservation benefit are limited but show opposing global trends, being higher in less developed parts of the world. The benefit-to-cost ratio of conservation is thus far greater in less developed regions, yet these are where the shortfall in current conservation spending is most marked. Substantially increased investment in tropical conservation is therefore urgently required if opportunities for cost-effective action are not to be missed.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:431990, author = {Balmford, Andrew and Gaston, Kevin J. and Blyth, Simon and James, Alex and Kapos, Val }, title = {Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA}, year = {2003}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, pages = {1046--1050}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/3/1046} }
Balmford, A., Green, M. J. B. & Murray, M. G.	Using Higher-Taxon Richness as a Surrogate for Species Richness: I. Regional Tests [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences	article	URL
Abstract: Attempts to identify priority sites for conserving biodiversity are greatly hampered by a lack of good data on species' distributions. Recent work suggests one promising solution might be to use higher-level taxa (such as genera or families) which might be more easily surveyed, yet nevertheless still act as reliable surrogates for patterns of species richness. But evidence justifying this approach comes mostly from temperate datasets or inventories over enormous areas, and a number of concerns remain unanswered about the use of higher-taxon richness for identifying key conservation sites in the tropics, where most diversity occurs. Here in the first of two papers addressing these points, we explored congruence between species and higher-taxon richness across protected areas in Indo-Malaya and the Pacific rim. Our results support the use of the higher-taxon approach in guiding tropical conservation, but with certain reservations. In all three groups examined, higher-taxon richness was quite closely related to species number. However, the precision with which absolute species richness of reserves could be predicted from higher-taxon richness was often surprisingly low, particularly for rich sites where surveying higher taxa rather than species would save most time. The performance of higher taxa as surrogates also dropped sharply with increasing taxonomic rank, resulting in a trade-off between time saved by high-level surveys and the value of those surveys. Lastly, we found that species richness within individual higher taxa was potentially as powerful an indicator of the overall species diversity of a site as the number of higher taxa it contained.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112868, author = {Balmford, A. and Green, M. J. B. and Murray, M. G. }, title = {Using Higher-Taxon Richness as a Surrogate for Species Richness: I. Regional Tests}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences}, publisher = {Royal Society}, year = {1996}, volume = {263}, number = {1375}, pages = {1267--1274}, url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0962-8452(19961022)263\%3A1375\%3C1267\%3AUHRAAS\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-3} }
Balmford, A., Jayasuriya, A. H. M. & Green, M. J. B.	Using Higher-Taxon Richness as a Surrogate for Species Richness: II. Local Applications [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences	article	URL
Abstract: Recent analyses confirm that urgent attempts to catalogue the distribution of biological diversity may be facilitated by focusing at the level of genera or families rather than species. However, questions remain over the application of higher-taxon surveys to identify networks of priority areas for conservation action. Is the close spatial match between species and higher-taxon richness at global and regional scales reiterated when sites are locally distributed? How much money is saved by the higher-taxon approach? And how does using genus or family information affect the efficiency with which spatial priorities for conservation are identified? We examined these issues using data on the diversity of woody plants in Sri Lankan forests. We found that at this local scale, the family and particularly generic richness of sites was closely linked to their species richness, independently of variation in site size. Moreover, fieldwork in an additional forest showed that targeting woody plant genera and families rather than species reduced survey costs by a minimum of 60 and 85 respectively. Most importantly, while using family data in site-selection algorithms led to the loss from reserve networks of around 7-10 of woody plant species, using genera rather than species had virtually no effect on the representation of species in priority sites. These results thus confirm that judicious use of the higher-taxon approach is indeed a valuable technique for improving the cost effectiveness of field surveys for local conservation planning in the tropics.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1118809, author = {Balmford, A. and Jayasuriya, A. H. M. and Green, M. J. B. }, title = {Using Higher-Taxon Richness as a Surrogate for Species Richness: II. Local Applications}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences}, year = {1996}, volume = {263}, number = {1376}, pages = {1571--1575}, url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0962-8452(19961122)263\%3A1376\%3C1571\%3AUHRAAS\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-\%23} }
Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N. & Green, M. J. B.	Parks or arks: where to conserve threatened mammals? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Review of Industrial Organization	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Growing deterministic and stochastic threats to many wild populations of large vertebrates have focused attention on the conservation significance of captive breeding and subsequent reintroduction. However, work on both gorillas and black rhinos questions this shift in emphasis. In these species, field-based conservation can be effective if properly supported and, although this is not cheap, per capita costs may still be considerably lower than for ex situ propagation in captivity. Here we attempt to broaden the scope of this debate by contrasting the breeding success and costs of in situ and captive programmes for a range of threatened mammals. Data are scarce, but we find that across nine large-bodied genera, in situ conservation achieves comparable rates of population growth to those seen in established captive breeding programmes. Moreover, comparing budgets of well-protected reserves with zoos' own estimates of maintenance costs and the costs of zoo adoption schemes, we find that per capita costs for effective in situ conservation are consistently lower than those of maintenance in captivity. Captive breeding may be more cost-effective for smaller-bodied taxa, and will often remain desirable for large mammals restricted to one or two vulnerable wild populations. However, our results, coupled with the fact that effective in situ conservation protects intact ecosystems rather than single species, lead us to suggest that zoos might maximize their contribution to large mammal conservation by investing where possible in well-managed field-based initiatives, rather than establishing additional ex situ breeding programmes.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112817, author = {Balmford, Andrew and Leader-Williams, N. and Green, M. J. B. }, title = {Parks or arks: where to conserve threatened mammals?}, journal = {Review of Industrial Organization}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, year = {1995}, volume = {V4}, number = {6}, pages = {595--607}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222516}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222516} }
Bekessy, S. A., Allnutt, T. R., Premoli, A. C., Lara, A., Ennos, R. A., Burgman, M. A., Cortes, M. & Newton, A. C.	Genetic variation in the vulnerable and endemic Monkey Puzzle tree, detected using RAPDs. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Heredity	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Araucaria araucana (Monkey Puzzle), a southern South American tree species of exceptional cultural and economic importance, is of conservation concern owing to extensive historical clearance and current human pressures. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to characterise genetic heterogeneity within and among 13 populations of this species from throughout its natural range. Extensive genetic variability was detected and partitioned by analysis of molecular variance, with the majority of variation existing within populations (87.2), but significant differentiation was recorded among populations (12.8). Estimates of Shannon's genetic diversity and percent polymorphism were relatively high for all populations and provide no evidence for a major reduction in genetic diversity from historical events, such as glaciation. All pairwise genetic distance values derived from analysis of molecular variance (Phi(ST)) were significant when individual pairs of populations were compared. Although populations are geographically divided into Chilean Coastal, Chilean Andes and Argentinean regions, this grouping explained only 1.77 of the total variation. Within Andean groups there was evidence of a trend of genetic distance with increasing latitude, and clustering of populations across the Andes, suggesting postglacial migration routes from multiple refugia. Implications of these results for the conservation and use of the genetic resource of this species are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112900, author = {Bekessy, S. A. and Allnutt, T. R. and Premoli, A. C. and Lara, A. and Ennos, R. A. and Burgman, M. A. and Cortes, M. and Newton, A. C. }, title = {Genetic variation in the vulnerable and endemic Monkey Puzzle tree, detected using RAPDs.}, journal = {Heredity}, year = {2002}, volume = {88}, number = {4}, pages = {243--249}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800033}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800033} }
Bekessy, S. A., Sleep, D., Stott, A., Menuccini, M., Thomas, P., Ennos, R. A., Burgman, M. A., Gardner, M. F. & Newton, A. C.	Adaptation of monkey puzzle to arid environments reflected by regional differences in stable carbon isotope ratio and allocation to root biomass [BibTeX]	2002	Forest Genetics	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1103546, author = {Bekessy, S. A. and Sleep, D. and Stott, A. and Menuccini, M. and Thomas, P. and Ennos, R. A. and Burgman, M. A. and Gardner, M. F. and Newton, A. C. }, title = {Adaptation of monkey puzzle to arid environments reflected by regional differences in stable carbon isotope ratio and allocation to root biomass}, journal = {Forest Genetics}, publisher = {Arbora}, year = {2002}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {63--70}, url = {http://www.direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=115791497\&\#38;ETOC=RN\&\#38;from=searchengine} }
Brooks, T. M., Pimm, S. L., Kapos, V. & Ravilious, C.	Threat from deforestation to montane and lowland birds and mammals in insular South-east Asia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Journal of Animal Ecology	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Summary 1. A reduction in forest area should result in a reduction of its number of species and, moreover, do so in a characteristic way according to the familiar species-area relationship. Brooks, Pimm & Collar (1997) applied this formula to the losses in forest area in the Philippines and Indonesia. Independently derived totals of the number of endemic bird species that are threatened with extinction broadly agree with these predicted losses. In some cases, however, predicted losses overestimate or underestimate the actual numbers of threatened species. 2. Within an island, the proportionate deforestation to date might be most extensive where there are many endemic species, or where there are few. To test this possibility, we obtained recent forest cover data for the region. We separated lowland (< 1000 m a.s.l.) from montane (> 1000 m a.s.l.) forest cover by overlaying topographic maps. From these data, we predict separately the numbers of montane and lowland endemic bird species likely to become extinct as a result of deforestation. We then compared these totals with the numbers considered threatened in the latest Red List. 3. Our predictions based on deforestation closely match the numbers of threatened endemic birds in the lowlands, but underestimate them in montane regions. 4. Our predictions based on deforestation underestimate the number of threatened montane mammal species even more seriously. 5. Lowland faunas of insular South-east Asia are under extreme threat because of massive deforestation. The region's montane faunas appear seriously threatened even by low levels of deforestation.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1105398, author = {Brooks, Thomas M. and Pimm, Stuart L. and Kapos, Valerie and Ravilious, Corinna }, title = {Threat from deforestation to montane and lowland birds and mammals in insular South-east Asia}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, year = {1999}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {1061--1078}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00353.x}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00353.x} }
Bystriakova, N. & Kapos, V.	Bamboo diversity: the need for a Red List review [BibTeX]	2006	Biodiversity	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1127383, author = {Bystriakova, N. and Kapos, V. }, title = {Bamboo diversity: the need for a Red List review}, journal = {Biodiversity}, year = {2006}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {12--16}, url = {http://www.tc-biodiversity.org/contents6-4.pdf} }
Bystriakova, N., Kapos, V., Lysenko, I. & Stapleton, C. M. A.	Distribution and conservation status of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Biodiversity and Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Although Asian bamboo species constitute a non-timber forest product of major cultural and economic importance, no detailed regional assessment of their distribution patterns has previously been made. To assess the potential of the existing bamboo species distribution data for production of regional mapping tools for planning the conservation of forest-based biodiversity, data on bamboo distribution and forest cover were combined. Over 1000 bamboo species from 60 genera of woody bamboos were incorporated, allowing the mapping of individual species or groups of species and genera, along with potential species richness and biodiversity hotspots. Over 6.3 million km2 of Asian forest potentially contains bamboo, with highest densities indicated from northeastern India through Burma to southern China, and through Sumatra to Borneo. The highest figures for potential species richness (144 spp per square km) were recorded in forests of south China, including Hainan Island. Despite substantial inadequacies and inconsistencies in knowledge of the taxonomy and distribution of bamboo species, this approach may provide a valuable tool for planning in situ conservation of forest biodiversity.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1103496, author = {Bystriakova, N. and Kapos, V. and Lysenko, I. and Stapleton, C. M. A. }, title = {Distribution and conservation status of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region}, journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation}, year = {2003}, volume = {V12}, number = {9}, pages = {1833--1841}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024139813651}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024139813651} }
Caldecott, J. O., Jenkins, M. D., Johnson, T. H. & Groombridge, B.	Priorities for conserving global species richness and endemism [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Biodiversity and Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to encourage and enable countries to conserve biological diversity, to use its components sustainably and to share benefits equitably. Species richness and endemism are two key attributes of biodiversity that reflect the complexity and uniqueness of natural ecosystems. National data on vertebrates and higher plants indicate global concentrations of biodiversity and can assist in defining priorities for action. Projections indicate that species and ecosystems will be at maximum risk from human activities during the next few decades. Prompt action by the world community can minimise the eventual loss of species. Highest priorities should be to: (i) strengthen the management of ecosystems containing a large proportion of global biodiversity; (ii) help developing countries complete their biodiversity strategies and action plans, monitor their own biodiversity, and establish and maintain adequate national systems of conservation areas; (iii) support actions at the global level, providing benefit to all countries in managing their own biodiversity. Generally, resources will best be spent in safeguarding ecosystems and habitats that are viable and important for global biodiversity, and which are threatened by factors that can be controlled cost-effectively. Other important criteria are representativeness, complementarity and insurance.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1105389, author = {Caldecott, J. O. and Jenkins, M. D. and Johnson, T. H. and Groombridge, B. }, title = {Priorities for conserving global species richness and endemism}, journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation}, year = {1996}, volume = {V5}, number = {6}, pages = {699--727}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051782}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051782} }
Callaghan, T. V., Björn, L. O., Chernov, Y., Chapin, T., Christensen, T. R., Huntley, B., Ims, R. A., Johansson, M., Jolly, D., Jonasson, S., Matveyeva, N., Panikov, N., Oechel, W., Shaver, G., Schaphoff, S., Sitch, S. & Zöckler, C.	Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment	article	URL
Abstract: An assessment of impacts on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems has emphasized geographical variability in responses of species and ecosystems to environmental change. This variability is usually associated with north-south gradients in climate, biodiversity, vegetation zones, and ecosystem structure and function. It is clear, however, that significant east-west variability in environment, ecosystem structure and function, environmental history, and recent climate variability is also important. Some areas have cooled while others have become warmer. Also, east-west differences between geographical barriers of oceans, archipelagos and mountains have contributed significantly in the past to the ability of species and vegetation zones to relocate in response to climate changes, and they have created the isolation necessary for genetic differentiation of populations and biodiversity hot-spots to occur. These barriers will also affect the ability of species to relocate during projected future warming. To include this east-west variability and also to strike a balance between overgeneralization and overspecialization, the ACIA identified four major sub regions based on large-scale differences in weather and climate-shaping factors. Drawing on information, mostly model output that can be related to the four ACIA subregions, it is evident that geographical barriers to species re-location, particularly the distribution of landmasses and separation by seas, will affect the northwards shift in vegetation zones. The geographical constraints—or facilitation —of northward movement of vegetation zones will affect the future storage and release of carbon, and the exchange of energy and water between biosphere and atmosphere. In addition, differences in the ability of vegetation zones to re-locate will affect the biodiversity associated with each zone while the number of species threatened by climate change varies greatly between subregions with a significant hot-spot in Beringia. Overall, the subregional synthesis demonstrates the difficulty of generalizing projections of responses of ecosystem structure and function, species loss, and biospheric feedbacks to the climate system for the whole Arctic region and implies a need for a far greater understanding of the spatial variability in the responses of terrestrial arctic ecosystems to climate change.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1103430, author = {Callaghan, Terry V. and Bj\"{o}rn, Lars O. and Chernov, Yuri and Chapin, Terry and Christensen, Torben R. and Huntley, Brian and Ims, Rolf A. and Johansson, Margareta and Jolly, Dyanna and Jonasson, Sven and Matveyeva, Nadya and Panikov, Nicolai and Oechel, Walter and Shaver, Gus and Schaphoff, Sibyll and Sitch, Stephen and Z\"{o}ckler, Christoph }, title = {Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions}, journal = {AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment}, publisher = {Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}, year = {2004}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, pages = {469--473}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract\&\#38;doi=10.1639\%2F0044-7447(2004)033\%5B0469\%3ASOEIFA\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2} }
Carling, R. C. J. & Harrison, J.	Biodiversity information on the Internet: cornucopia or confusion? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Biodiversity Letters	article	URL
Abstract: The range of information on biodiversity currently available via the Internet is reviewed and its accessibility, usefulness and relevance to biodiversity research and to policy decision making assessed. Commercial and non-commercial databases are reviewed. The future of information via the net is also reviewed, in particular the role of the `Clearing House Mechanism' of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Biodiversity Conservation Information System.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112873, author = {Carling, R. C. J. and Harrison, J. }, title = {Biodiversity information on the Internet: cornucopia or confusion?}, journal = {Biodiversity Letters}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, year = {1996}, volume = {3}, number = {4-5}, pages = {125--135}, url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0967-9952(199607\%2F09)3\%3A4\%2F5\%3C125\%3ABIOTIC\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-X} }
Chape, S., Harrison, J., Spalding, M. & Lysenko, I.	Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences	article	URL
Abstract: There are now over 100000 protected areas worldwide, covering over 12 of the Earth's land surface. These areas represent one of the most significant human resource use allocations on the planet. The importance of protected areas is reflected in their widely accepted role as an indicator for global targets and environmental assessments.However, measuring the number and extent of protected areas only provides a unidimensional indicator of political commitment to biodiversity conservation. Data on the geographic location and spatial extent of protected areas will not provide information on a key determinant for meeting global biodiversity targets: ‘effectiveness’ in conserving biodiversity. Although tools are being devised to assess management effectiveness, there is no globally accepted metric.Nevertheless, the numerical, spatial and geographic attributes of protected areas can be further enhanced by investigation of the biodiversity coverage of these protected areas, using species, habitats or biogeographic classifications.This paper reviews the current global extent of protected areas in terms of geopolitical and habitat coverage, and considers their value as a global indicator of conservation action or response. The paper discusses the role of the World Database on Protected Areas and collection and quality control issues, and identifies areas for improvement, including how conservation effectiveness indicators may be included in the database to improve the value of protected areas data as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:353824, author = {Chape, S. and Harrison, J. and Spalding, M. and Lysenko, I. }, title = {Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences}, year = {2005}, volume = {360}, number = {1454}, pages = {443--455}, url = {http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/(trdthu55p2y35eqbtmfqrcmj)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent\&\#38;backto=issue,17,19;journal,10,115;linkingpublicationresults,1:102022,1} }
Collins, M.	Knowledge for conservation-new technology, new players and a new approach [BibTeX]	2000	Oryx	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1136571, author = {Collins, Mark }, title = {Knowledge for conservation-new technology, new players and a new approach}, journal = {Oryx}, year = {2000}, volume = {34}, number = {3}, pages = {153--155}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00123.x}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00123.x} }
Defries, R., Hansen, A., Newton, A. C. & Hansen, M. C.	Increasing isolation of protected areas in tropical forests over the past twenty years [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Ecological Applications	article	URL
Abstract: Protected areas are one of the cornerstones for conserving the world's remaining biodiversity, most of which occurs in tropical forests. We use multiple sources of satellite data to estimate the extent of forest habitat and loss over the last 20 years within and surrounding 198 of the most highly protected areas (IUCN status 1 and 2) located throughout the world's tropical forests. In the early 1980s, surrounding habitat in the 50-km unprotected or less highly protected “buffers” enhanced the protected areas' effective size and their capacity to conserve richness of forest-obligate species above the hypothetical case of complete isolation. However, in nearly 70 of the surrounding buffers, the area of forest habitat declined during the last 20 years, while 25 experienced declines within their administrative boundaries. The loss of habitat occurred in all tropical regions, but protected areas in South and Southeast Asia were most severely affected because of relatively low surrounding forest habitat in the early 1980s and high subsequent loss, particularly in dry tropical forests. The future ability of protected areas to maintain current species richness depends on integrating reserve management within the land use dynamics of their larger regional settings.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:155771, author = {Defries, Ruth and Hansen, Andrew and Newton, Adrian C. and Hansen, Matthew C. }, title = {Increasing isolation of protected areas in tropical forests over the past twenty years}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, year = {2005}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {19--26}, url = {http://www.esajournals.org/esaonline/?request=get-abstract\&\#38;issn=1051-0761\&\#38;volume=015\&\#38;issue=01\&\#38;page=0019} }
Fjeldsa, J., Burgess, N. D., Blyth, S. & de Klerk, H. M.	Where are the major gaps in the reserve network for Africa's mammals? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Oryx	article	URL
Abstract: The establishment of protected areas for wildlife conservation in Africa was motivated by a number of different reasons (including hunting, recreation and wildlife conservation). The current reserve network provides good coverage of the distributions of the 194 species of larger mammals (>3 kg) and 51 species of threatened larger mammals. However, it is less effective in covering the distribution of all 197 of Africa's threatened mammal species, which includes >140 smaller bodied species (<3 kg) often restricted to habitat patches. A fully comprehensive network of areas for the conservation of African mammals, especially those facing extinction, is not yet in place, and further reserves may be needed in the Horn of Africa (Somalia in particular), the Cameroon Highlands, parts of the eastern African coastal forests and Eastern Arc Mountains, and parts of the Albertine Rift Mountains. More and larger reserve areas are also required to adequately cover all the species of South Africa. Parts of these gaps are already covered by government forest reserves, and the importance of this reserve category for the conservation of African mammals, especially threatened species, needs to be better recognized. As many of the gaps in reserve coverage are in areas of high human population and good agricultural potential, conservation goals may be difficult to achieve unless we supplement traditional reserves with novel approaches to maintain natural habitats and wildlife outside reserves.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1103403, author = {Fjelds\r{a}, Jon and Burgess, Neil D. and Blyth, Simon and de Klerk, Helen M. }, title = {Where are the major gaps in the reserve network for Africa's mammals?}, journal = {Oryx}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, volume = {38}, pages = {17--25}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&\#38;aid=199428} }
Gordon, D. M.	ECO-ED: rhetoric or progress? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1993	Futures	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The World Congress for Education and Communication on Environment and Development (ECO-ED), which took place in Toronto, Canada, 17-21 October 1992, was multisectoral in scope, accommodating individuals and groups from business, aid agencies, the NGO community, government, the media, UN agencies (UNEP/UNESCO), educators and education associations. In total, there were over 3000 delegates from 75 countries, 500 presenters and 275 speakers. Of the delegates and speakers, 46 were women and 14 were from indigenous groups. In addition to the conference proceedings, there were a large number of concurrent meetings and partner events, an Arts Festival, the 1992 North American Association for Environmental Education Film and Video Festival, an ECO-ED store, 125 exposition groups, and around 300 organizations represented in the Curriculum and Resources Fair.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1136630, author = {Gordon, Donald M. }, title = {ECO-ED: rhetoric or progress?}, journal = {Futures}, year = {1993}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {98--99}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(93)90122-A}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(93)90122-A} }
de Heer, M., Kapos, V., Miles, L. J. & Ten-Brink, B.	Biodiversity Trends and Threats in Europe - Can We Apply a Generic Biodiversity Indicator to Forests? [BibTeX]	2004	EFI Proceedings	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{Jnl-1690777, author = {de Heer, M. and Kapos, V. and Miles, L. J. and Ten-Brink, B. }, title = {Biodiversity Trends and Threats in Europe - Can We Apply a Generic Biodiversity Indicator to Forests?}, journal = {EFI Proceedings}, year = {2004}, volume = {51}, pages = {15--26}, url = {http://www.efi.fi/attachment/f5d80ba3c1b89242106f2f97ae8e3894/57d8842f507bfb899111c2e98696bef8/p51\_net.pdf} }
de Heer, M., Kapos, V. & Ten-Brink, B. J.	Biodiversity trends in Europe: development and testing of a species trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 target [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences	article	DOI URL
Abstract: This paper presents a trial of a species population trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target in Europe, using existing data. The indicator integrates trends on different species (groups), and can be aggregated across habitats and countries. Thus, the indicator can deliver both headline messages for high-level decision-making and detailed information for in-depth analysis, using data from different sources, collected with different methods. International non-governmental organizations mobilized data on over 2800 historical trends in national populations of birds, butterflies and mammals, for a total of 273 species. These were combined by habitat and biogeographical region to generate a pilot pan-European scale indicator. The trial indicator suggests a decline of species populations in nearly all habitats, the largest being in farmland, where species populations declined by an average of 23 between 1970 and 2000. The indicator is potentially useful for monitoring progress towards 2010 biodiversity targets, but constraints include: the limited sensitivity of the historical data, which leads to conservative estimates of species decline; a potential danger of ambiguity because increases in opportunistic species can mask the loss of other species; and failure to account for pre-1970 population declines. We recommend mobilizing additional existing data, particularly for plants and fishes, and elaborating further the criteria for compiling representative sets of species. For a frequent, reliable update of the indicator, sound, sensitive and harmonized biodiversity monitoring programmes are needed in all pan-European countries.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:173302, author = {de Heer, M. and Kapos, V. and Ten-Brink, B. J. }, title = {Biodiversity trends in Europe: development and testing of a species trend indicator for evaluating progress towards the 2010 target}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences}, year = {2005}, volume = {360}, number = {1454}, pages = {297--308}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1587}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1587} }
Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. P.	Some important birds and forests in Nepal [BibTeX]	1986	Forktail	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1136636, author = {Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. P. }, title = {Some important birds and forests in Nepal}, journal = {Forktail}, year = {1986}, volume = {1}, pages = {53--64}, url = {http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/1.html} }
Jenkins, M.	Prospects for Biodiversity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Science	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Assuming no radical transformation in human behavior, we can expect important changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2050. A considerable number of species extinctions will have taken place. Existing large blocks of tropical forest will be much reduced and fragmented, but temperate forests and some tropical forests will be stable or increasing in area, although the latter will be biotically impoverished. Marine ecosystems will be very different from today's, with few large marine predators, and freshwater biodiversity will be severely reduced almost everywhere. These changes will not, in themselves, threaten the survival of humans as a species.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:206959, author = {Jenkins, Martin }, title = {Prospects for Biodiversity}, journal = {Science}, year = {2003}, volume = {302}, number = {5648}, pages = {1175--1177}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1088666}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1088666} }
Jenkins, M., Green, R. E. & Madden, J.	The Challenge of Measuring Global Change in Wild Nature: Are Things Getting Better or Worse? [BibTeX]	2003	Conservation Biology	article	DOI URL
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1105393, author = {Jenkins, Martin and Green, Rhys E. and Madden, Joah }, title = {The Challenge of Measuring Global Change in Wild Nature: Are Things Getting Better or Worse?}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, year = {2003}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {20--23}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01719.x}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01719.x} }
Kanyamibwa, S.	Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Biodiversity and Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Among the crucial problems that affect conservation in less developed countries are the high human pressure on natural habitats, poverty, low conservation education and lack of integration of local population. However, political and ethnic conflicts, which occur around the world and particularly in African countries, significantly affect all sectors of human society, the environment and wildlife. In this paper, we discuss the consequences of the Rwandan civil war of 1990–1994, recognized as one of the major tragedies of the 20th century, with a particular focus on protected areas and conservation bodies in the country.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112803, author = {Kanyamibwa, Samuel }, title = {Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony}, journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation}, year = {1998}, volume = {V7}, number = {11}, pages = {1399--1406}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008880113990}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008880113990} }
Leader-Williams, N. & Harrison, J.	Designing protected areas to conserve natural resources. [BibTeX]	1990	Science Progress	article	URL
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1129271, author = {Leader-Williams, N. and Harrison, J. }, title = {Designing protected areas to conserve natural resources.}, journal = {Science Progress}, year = {1990}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {189--204}, url = {http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs\&\#38;collection=TRD\&\#38;recid=9120763AN\&\#38;q=Designing+protected+areas+to+conserve+natural+resources.+\&\#38;uid=1032454\&\#38;setcookie=yes} }
Loh, J., Green, R. E., Ricketts, T., Lamoreux, J., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V. & Randers, J.	The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The Living Planet Index was developed to measure the changing state of the world’s biodiversity over time. It uses time series data to calculate average rates of change in a large number of populations of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate species. The dataset contains about 3,000 population time series for over 1,100 species. Two methods of calculating the index are outlined: the chain method and a method based on linear modelling of log-transformed data. The dataset is analysed to compare the relative representation of biogeographic realms, ecoregional biomes, threat status and taxonomic groups among species contributing to the index. The two methods show very similar results: terrestrial species declined on average by 25 from 1970 to 2000. Birds and mammals are over-represented in comparison with other vertebrate classes, and temperate species are over-represented compared with tropical species, but there is little difference in representation between threatened and non-threatened species. Some of the problems arising from over-representation are reduced by the way the index is calculated. It could be possible to reduce this further by post-stratification and weighting, but new information would first need to be collected for data-poor classes, realms and biomes.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:171423, author = {Loh, J. and Green, R. E. and Ricketts, T. and Lamoreux, J. and Jenkins, M. and Kapos, V. and Randers, J. }, title = {The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity.}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences}, year = {2005}, volume = {360}, number = {1454}, pages = {289--295}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1584}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1584} }
Lovett, J. C., Philip, Moore, R. & Morrey, G. H.	Elevational distribution of restricted range forest tree taxa in eastern Tanzania [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Biodiversity and Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The forests of eastern Tanzania are a globally important biodiversity hotspot. In this study 361 eastern Tanzanian restricted range forest tree taxa were assessed. Of these taxa, 223 occurred in the Eastern Arc, 150 in Coastal forests, 17 in Northern forests and 21 in the Lake Nyasa forests. The majority of the taxa had restricted elevational ranges with 76.3 occurring in no more than two 200 m elevational bands out of a total potential elevation range of 3000 m. The majority of the taxa occupied a small area in the eastern Tanzanian forests, with 201 taxa being only found at a few sites. In determining priority areas for conservation, selection of taxon definitions can have important effects. For example, tree size varies with elevation, so if only large trees are used then site selection will be biased towards particular areas.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112760, author = {Lovett, Jon C. and Philip and Moore, Robin and Morrey, Gilbert H. }, title = {Elevational distribution of restricted range forest tree taxa in eastern Tanzania}, journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation}, year = {2001}, volume = {V10}, number = {4}, pages = {541--550}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016610526242}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016610526242} }
Lund, H. G. & Iremonger, S.	Omissions, commissions, and decisions: the need for integrated resource assessments [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Forest Ecology and Management	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Agricultural lands are essential for providing food and forage for maintaining a healthy environment. Growing human populations are placing increasing demands for new lands for agricultural production. At the same time, there is a need to maintain or increase our forest cover for biodiversity and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, our land base is limited. Consequently, there is strong competition between those lands will be used for forestry and those that will be used for agriculture. Current assessments of agriculture and forested lands are often carried out by separate entities. Often, there is duplication of data collection, information gaps, etc. The bottom line is that we do not really know how much land currently serves the needs of agriculture and forestry, which lands are best suited for conversion to alternate use, and where they are located. In order for decision makers to make more informed decisions, we need complete and up-to-date geo-referenced inventories. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems of separate resource inventories and to present ways to overcome these problems by integrated assessments.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112781, author = {Lund, H. G. and Iremonger, Susan }, title = {Omissions, commissions, and decisions: the need for integrated resource assessments}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, year = {2000}, volume = {128}, pages = {3--10}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/03781127/2000/00000128/00000001/art00282}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00282-0} }
Magin, C. & Greth, A.	Distribution, status, and proposals for the conservation of mountain gazelle Gazella gazella cora in south-west Saudi Arabia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1994	Biological Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Nineteen different areas in south-west Saudi Arabia from which mountain gazelle Gazella gazella cora were reported between 1988 and 1992 were visited during a field survey conducted between August 1992 and February 1993. Evidence of the continued presence of gazelle was found at 11 of these locations. All populations were small: estimated population sizes ranged from 5 to 50. In the remaining eight areas it appeared that gazelle had become locally extinct since the last report. Thus gazelle populations appear to be becoming extinct at an alarming rate (eight out of 19, or 42, in five years). The major cause of extinctions and threat to existing populations is illegal hunting. Traditional conservation measures will take time to implement, and may be too late to save most gazelle populations. Instead, protection enforced by a system of auxiliary rangers, recruited from among the local population and working in cooperation with the forces of the local civilian administration, is recommended.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112827, author = {Magin, Chris and Greth, Arnaud }, title = {Distribution, status, and proposals for the conservation of mountain gazelle Gazella gazella cora in south-west Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {1994}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, pages = {69--75}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90300-X}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90300-X} }
Mahroof, R. M., Hauxwell, C., Edirisinghe, J. P., Watt, A. D. & Newton, A. C.	Effects of artificial shade on attack by the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Agricultural and Forest Entomology	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Abstract 1 Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae: Swietenioideae) provides one of the premier timbers of the world. The mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economically important pest of S. macrophylla throughout Asia, Africa and the Pacific. No viable method of controlling this pest is known. Previous observations have suggested that the presence of overhead shade may reduce attack by H. robusta, but this has not been investigated experimentally. This research was therefore designed to assess the influence of light availability on shoot-borer attack on S. macrophylla, by establishing seedlings under three different artificial shade regimes, then using these seedlings to test oviposition preference of adult moths, neonate larval survival and growth and development of shoot borer larvae. 2 Oviposition preference of shoot borer moths was tested on leaves from seedlings grown under artificial shade for 63 weeks. A significant difference in choice was recorded between treatments, with 27.4 +- 1.5 eggs laid under high shade and 87.1 +- 1.8 under low shade. 3 Neonate larval survival on early flushing leaflets of S. macrophylla did not differ significantly between shade treatments. Larval growth rate, estimated by measuring daily frass width, was significantly higher for those larvae fed on seedlings from the high and medium shade treatments (0.1 mm/day), than the low shade treatment (0.06 mm/day). In laboratory-reared larvae, the total mass of frass produced was significantly higher in the high shade treatment (0.4 g) than under the low shade treatment (0.2 g). 4 Longer tunnel lengths were bored by larvae in plants grown under high shade (12.0 +- 2.4 cm) than under low shade (7.07 +- 1.9 cm). However, pupal mass under low shade was 48 higher than that under the high shade treatment, suggesting that plants grown under high shade were of lower nutritional quality for shoot borer larvae. 5 These results indicate that shading of mahogany seedlings may reduce the incidence of shoot borer attack, by influencing both oviposition and larval development. The establishment of mahogany under suitable shade regimes may therefore provide a basis for controlling shoot borer attack using silvicultural approaches.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112908, author = {Mahroof, R. M. and Hauxwell, C. and Edirisinghe, J. P. and Watt, A. D. and Newton, A. C. }, title = {Effects of artificial shade on attack by the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Moore)}, journal = {Agricultural and Forest Entomology}, year = {2002}, volume = {4}, number = {4}, pages = {283--292}, url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00146.x}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00146.x} }
Marshall, E. & Newton, A. C.	Non-Timber Forest Products in the Community of El Terrero, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico: Is Their Use Sustainable? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Economic Botany	article	DOI URL
Abstract: The importance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to rural income was examined in a highland community in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco-Colima, Mexico. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques were used to interview 70 of households in the community of El Terrero. Of the nine plant species identified as NTFP sources, the two principal species traded by the community were tila (derived from the flowers and fruits of the tree Ternstroemia lineata), and blackberry (Rubus spp.). Collecting and selling of NTFPs was almost exclusively undertaken by women, with 80 of respondents participating. NTFP sale ranked as the most important source of cash income for 30 of women interviewed, and either second- or third-most important for the remainder. The research examined harvesting impact on populations of T. lineata, an understory tree species characteristic of cloud forest, which this was assessed in the four most-frequented collecting sites. Our results suggested that current harvesting approaches appear to be sustainable, although 95 of the women interviewed reported a decline in resource availability within the last 15 years, apparently resulting from illegal cutting. Suggestions are made with respect to the sustainable development of NTFP resources to help alleviate poverty within the Reserve. Se evaluó la importancia de los productos forestales no maderables (PFNMs) en el ingreso familiar de un ejido ubicado en una zona montañosa de la reserva de la biósfera de Manantlán, Jalisco—Colima, México. Se utilizaron técnicas participativas como entrevistas al 70 de las familias de el ejido “El Terrero.” De las nueve especies de plantas identificadas como fuentes de PFNMs, las dos más comercializadas por la communidad fueron tila (órganos frutales del arbol Ternstroemia lineata) y zarzamora (Rubus spp.) La colecta y venta de PFNMs fue casi exclusivamente llevada por mujeres, con una participación del 80. La venta de PFNMs fue la principal fuente de dinero para el 30 de las mujeres entrevistadas, y el segundo o tercero en importancia por las demás. La investigación examinó el impacto de la extracción en poblaciones silvestres de T. lineata (una especie de bosque nublado), la cual fue evaluada en cuatro de los sitios de colecta más frecuente. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el nivel y manera de extracción parecen ser sustentable; aunque el 95 de las mujeres entrevisada han notado que en los últimos 15 años la cantidad de recursos naturales ha bajado a causa de la extracción ilegal.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1103490, author = {Marshall, Elaine and Newton, Adrian C. }, title = {Non-Timber Forest Products in the Community of El Terrero, Sierra de Manantl\'{a}n Biosphere Reserve, Mexico: Is Their Use Sustainable?}, journal = {Economic Botany}, publisher = {Society for Economic Botany}, year = {2003}, volume = {57}, number = {2}, pages = {262--278}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract\&\#38;doi=10.1663\%2F0013-0001(2003)057\%5B0262\%3ANFPITC\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0262:NFPITC]2.0.CO;2} }
Marshall, E., Newton, A. C. & Schreckenberg, K.	Commercialisation of non-timber forest products: first steps in analysing the factors influencing success [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	International Forestry Review	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Although trade in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has been widely promoted as an approach to rural development, recent research has indicated that NTFP commercialisation is often not successful. Analysis of the factors influencing success of NTFP commercialisation has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate analytical approach for comparison of case studies. We tested and further developed a methodology recently developed by CIFOR, by examining 16 NTFP case studies in two workshops held in Mexico and Bolivia involving a variety of stakeholders involved in NTFP commercialisation. Workshop participants identified a wide range of measures by which the success of NTFP commercialisation can be defined, which included improvements in social justice, community organisation and local culture, as well as economic status. Participants then considered the factors influencing the processes involved in NTFP commercialisation: production, collection, processing, storage, transport, marketing and sale. In total 45 factors were identified that significantly limit one of the commercialisation processes. Generally product marketing and sale were found to be those processes most constraining overall success. These results illustrate how participatory methods can be of value in analysing the success of NTFP commercialisation, and how a process-based approach can provide an analytical framework for comparison of NTFP case studies.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1103515, author = {Marshall, E. and Newton, A. C. and Schreckenberg, K. }, title = {Commercialisation of non-timber forest products: first steps in analysing the factors influencing success}, journal = {International Forestry Review}, publisher = {Commonwealth Forestry Association}, year = {2003}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {128--137}, url = {http://www.atypon-link.com/CFA/doi/abs/10.1505/IFOR.5.2.128.17410}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/IFOR.5.2.128.17410} }
Mcgowan, P., Gillman, M. & Dodd, M.	Assessing the status of poorly known species: Lessons from partridges and pheasants of Southeast Asia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Biological Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: There is an urgent need to evaluate the status of groups of species for conservation purposes. A species' status is indicated by both its distribution and abundance, and the rate at which these components are changing. This information is scarce for many tropical forest species. We produced four measures of status based on locality and habitat data for 25 partridges and pheasants of Southeast Asia: (1) change in the number of sites from which a species had been recorded; (2) change in the proportion of localities visited from which a species had been recorded; (3) change in the extent of occurrence; and (4) change in a measure that combined habitat and locality information. Species rankings from the first three measures of status that used locality data alone were significantly correlated with each other. Therefore, differences in sampling do not appear to influence the locality-only assessments. None of the locality-only measures was correlated with the ranking based on both locality and habitat information. The lack of correlation between these assessments and that which included habitat information may result from recent bias in habitats searched. Whereas the paucity of data is acute for some species, we propose that estimating changes in the available habitat within a species' extent of occurrence will provide the best estimate of change of status. Fourteen species show decreases according to all measures.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:1112797, author = {Mcgowan, Philip and Gillman, Michael and Dodd, Michael }, title = {Assessing the status of poorly known species: Lessons from partridges and pheasants of Southeast Asia}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {1998}, volume = {83}, number = {1}, pages = {1--7}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00035-9}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00035-9} }
Miles, L., Grainger, A. & Phillips, O.	The impact of global climate change on tropical forest biodiversity in Amazonia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Global Ecology & Biogeography	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Aim To model long-term trends in plant species distributions in response to predicted changes in global climate. Location Amazonia. Methods The impacts of expected global climate change on the potential and realized distributions of a representative sample of 69 individual Angiosperm species in Amazonia were simulated from 1990 to 2095. The climate trend followed the HADCM2GSa1 scenario, which assumes an annual 1 increase of atmospheric CO2 content with effects mitigated by sulphate forcing. Potential distributions of species in one-degree grid cells were modelled using a suitability index and rectilinear envelope based on bioclimate variables. Realized distributions were additionally limited by spatial contiguity with, and proximity to, known record sites. A size-structured population model was simulated for each cell in the realized distributions to allow for lags in response to climate change, but dispersal was not included. Results In the resulting simulations, 43 of all species became non-viable by 2095 because their potential distributions had changed drastically, but there was little change in the realized distributions of most species, owing to delays in population responses. Widely distributed species with high tolerance to environmental variation exhibited the least response to climate change, and species with narrow ranges and short generation times the greatest. Climate changed most in north-east Amazonia while the best remaining conditions for lowland moist forest species were in western Amazonia. Main conclusions To maintain the greatest resilience of Amazonian biodiversity to climate change as modelled by HADCM2GSa1, highest priority should be given to strengthening and extending protected areas in western Amazonia that encompass lowland and montane forests.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:46242, author = {Miles, Lera and Grainger, Alan and Phillips, Oliver }, title = {The impact of global climate change on tropical forest biodiversity in Amazonia}, journal = {Global Ecology \& Biogeography}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, year = {2004}, volume = {13}, number = {6}, pages = {553+}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00105.x}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00105.x} }
Miles, L. & Kapos, V.	Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Global Land-Use Implications [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Science	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Recent climate talks in Bali have made progress toward action on deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, within the anticipated post-Kyoto emissions reduction agreements. As a result of such action, many forests will be better protected, but some land-use change will be displaced to other locations. The demonstration phase launched at Bali offers an opportunity to examine potential outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Research will be needed into selection of priority areas for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation to deliver multiple benefits, on-the-ground methods to best ensure these benefits, and minimization of displaced land-use change into nontarget countries and ecosystems, including through revised conservation investments. 10.1126/science.1155358
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:2890167, author = {Miles, Lera and Kapos, Valerie }, title = {Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Global Land-Use Implications}, journal = {Science}, year = {2008}, volume = {320}, number = {5882}, pages = {1454--1455}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155358}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155358} }
Miles, L., Newton, A. C., Defries, R. S., Ravilious, C., May, I., Blyth, S., Kapos, V. & Gordon, J. E.	A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Journal of Biogeography	article	DOI URL
Abstract: Aim To analyse the conservation status of tropical dry forests at the global scale, by combining a newly developed global distribution map with spatial data describing different threats, and to identify the relative exposure of different forest areas to such threats. Location Global assessment. Methods We present a new global distribution map of tropical dry forest derived from the recently developed MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) product, which depicts percentage tree cover at a resolution of 500 m, combined with previously defined maps of biomes. This distribution map was overlaid with spatial data to estimate the exposure of tropical dry forests to a number of different threats: climate change, habitat fragmentation, fire, human population density and conversion to cropland. The extent of tropical dry forest currently protected was estimated by overlaying the forest map with a global data set of the distribution of protected areas. Results It is estimated that 1,048,700 km2 of tropical dry forest remains, distributed throughout the three tropical regions. More than half of the forest area (54.2) is located within South America, the remaining area being almost equally divided between North and Central America, Africa and Eurasia, with a relatively small proportion (3.8) occurring within Australasia and Southeast Asia. Overall, c. 97 of the remaining area of tropical dry forest is at risk from one or more of the threats considered, with highest percentages recorded for Eurasia. The relative exposure to different threats differed between regions: while climate change is relatively significant in the Americas, habitat fragmentation and fire affect a higher proportion of African forests, whereas agricultural conversion and human population density are most influential in Eurasia. Evidence suggests that c. 300,000 km2 of tropical dry forest now coincide with some form of protected area, with 71.8 of this total being located within South America. Main conclusions Virtually all of the tropical dry forests that remain are currently exposed to a variety of different threats, largely resulting from human activity. Taking their high biodiversity value into consideration, this indicates that tropical dry forests should be accorded high conservation priority. The results presented here could be used to identify which forest areas should be accorded highest priority for conservation action. In particular, the expansion of the global protected area network, particularly in Mesoamerica, should be given urgent consideration.
BibTeX: @article{citeulike:502578, author = {Miles, Lera and Newton, Adrian C. and Defries, Ruth S. and Ravilious, Corinna and May, Ian and Blyth, Simon and Kapos, Valerie and Gordon, James E. }, title = {A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, year = {2006}, volume = {33}, number = {3}, pages = {491--505}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01424.x}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01424.x} }
Nellemann, C., Vistnes, I., Jordhøy, P., Strand, O. & Newton, A. C.	Progressive impact of piecemeal infrastructure development on wild reindeer [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Biological Conservation	article	DOI URL
Abstract: We made monthly surveys of >2000 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from 1977 to 1987 before and after the construction of the Blue Lake hydroelectric reservoir in order to study the progressive impact of infrastructure development on wildlife. Following this development, reindeer densities within a 4-km radius declined gradually during winter to 8 of pre-development densities without signicant changes in undeveloped control sites. During summer, reindeer gradually reduced use of areas within 4 km distance from roads and power lines to 36 of predevelopment density, with subsequent 217 increase in use of the few remaining sites located >4 km from infrastructure. Reindeer reproduction declined progressively as habitat was lost. Assessments of individual development projects seriously underestimate the long-term effects of the entire expanding infrastructure network. Piecemeal development has resulted in an estimated 70 loss of undisturbed reindeer habitat across the last century in Norway. During this time the reindeer popula