Suaka Margasatwa Lore Kalamanta (Lore Kalamanta Game Reserve) and

Hutan Lindung Danau Lindu (Lake Lindu Protection Forest)

IUCN Management Category Lore Lindu National Park: II (National Park) and IX (Biosphere Reserve)

Lore Kalamantan Game Reserve: IV (Managed Nature Reserve)

Lake Lindu Protection Forest: VI (Resource Reserve)

Biogeographical Province 4.24.13 (Celebes)

Geographical Location Stretches for over 60km along the extreme south-western arm of the Takolekadju mountains, within the administrative province of Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi). Two settled enclaves are currently located within the park boundary at Besoa and Lake Lindu. Access is by road from the town of Palu, some 65km to the north-east. There are currently two scheduled flights per week into Besoa enclave. 1°15'-1°30'S, 119°50'-120°20'E

Date and History of Establishment Originally established on 20 October 1973 as Lore Kalamanta Game Reserve (131,000ha) under Decree Sk. Mentan No. 522/kpts/Um/10/73. Danau Lindu Recreation/Protection Forest (31,000ha) was added in January 1978 under Sk. Mentan No. 46/kpts/Um/1/78, and the origional Lore Kalamanta Reserve extended by 69,000ha in 1981. The reserve complex was declared as a "proposed national park" on 14 October 1982. Designated as a biosphere reserve under the Unesco Man and Biosphere Programme in 1977.

Area 231,000ha

Land Tenure State

Altitude Ranges from 200m to 2,610m at the top of Gunung Roreka Timbu.

Physical Features Lore Lindu forms the isolated, south-easternmost extension of the central Takolekadju mountains, which are separated from the main central massif in the north by the Palolo-Sopu Valley. To the east and west the Tawaelia and Fossa-Sarasina rift valleys form natural boundaries which ultimately converge to form the Bada Valley at the southernmost extremity of the park. The topography is generally steep and dissected, particularly in the north where much of the terrain is over 1,500m and several peaks, such as Gunung Nokilalaki (2,335m), exceed 2,000m. Lake (Danau) Lindu, the source of the Gumbasu River, also lies in this region, and is notable as the only site in Indonesia where the schistosomiasis parasite occurs (Watling and Mulyana, 1981; Wirawan, 1981). A narrow strip of steeply sloping land below 1,000m on the western side forms the only lowland component of the park. Geologically, the complex of rift valleys and steeply folded basement rocks was formed as a result of major tectonic movements during the Pliocene and Miocene periods, the exception being the Nokilalaki massif which is believed to be of older Palaeozoic origin. Major geological formations include resistant gneisses, schists and granites of the central mountains and consolidated and unconsolidated terrace and lacaustrine deposits of the adjacent rift valleys. Drainage in the northern section of the park is northward via Lake Lindu, through a steep gorge into the Sungai Gumbasu, which eventually flows into the Palu River to the west. To the south several major rivers drain eastwards into the Napu Valley, while to the west drainage is into the westward-flowing Sungai Lariang. A wide spectrum of highly erodable soil groups is represented, ranging from well-drained sands and gravels to deep and poorly-drained alluvium (Watling and Mulyana, 1981; Wirawan, 1981).

Climate The region experiences a highly variable mean annual rainfall, ranging from between 3000mm and 4000mm in the southern section of the park, to less than 500mm in the Palu Valley to the north-east. Heaviest rainfall is between November and April during the western monsoon (Watling and Mulyana, 1981).

Vegetation Montane rain forest is predominant and covers some 90% of the park. Lower montane forest occurs above 1,000m and is characterised by Castanopsis argentea, Lithocarpus sp. and Eugenia sp., with Podocarpus sp., Elaeocarpus, Adinandra sp., Lasianthus sp. Cinnamomum sp., Litsea sp. and Calophyllum sp. occurring locally. Large emergents such as Agathis philippinensis may occur in stands, or as scattered individuals on exposed ridges together with Phyllocladus sp. and Pandanus sp. Upper montane forest occurs above 1,500m, with common tree genera including Turpinia, Sterculia, Vernonia, Engelhardia and Canarium. This ultimately grades into a stunted and bryophyte-covered forest on exposed ridges above 2,000m, typified by such species as Leptospermum sp., Rapanea sp. and Rhododendron sp. A small amount of lowland rain forest, covering some 10% of the park area, occurs along northern and western boundaries between 200m and 1,000m. This is characterised by a mixed species composition, which includes Pterospermum celebicum, Cananga odorata, Horsfieldia sp. and Myristica sp., as well as numerous palms such as Arenga pinnata. Other genera include Dysoxylum, Celtis, Garcinia, Ficus, Artocarpus, Vatica and the commerically important durian Durio sp. (Watling and Mulyana, 1981; Van Balgooy and Tantra, 1986).

Fauna Most of Sulawesi's 79 endemic mammal species occur within the park, despite the limited representation of lowland rain forest. Endemic species include mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi (E), babirusa Babyrousa babyrussa (V), Sulawesi palm civet Macrogalidia musschenbroekii (R), Tonkean macaque Macaca tonkeana, and Celebes tarsier Tarsius spectrum. The endemic phalangers bear cuscus Phalanger ursinus and Celebes cuscus P. celebensis are notable as the only marsupials found as far west as Sulawesi. Introduced mammal species include Malay civet Viverra tangalunga and rusa deer Cervus timorensis.

The avifauna is well represented, with some 83% of Sulawesi's endemic birds being recorded from the park and surrounding area. Of the 66 endemics, snoring rail Aramidopsis plateni (I) and bald-faced rail Gymnocrex rosenbergii (I) are both notable, as are Sulawesi woodcock Scolopax celebensis (I), Minahassa owl Tyto inexspectata (I), Celebes mountain thrush Geomalia heinrichi and maleo Macrocephalon maleo (V) (Watling and Mulyana, 1981; Silvius and Djuharsa, 1989).

Snakes include two species of racer, Elaphe erythrurad and E. janseni, as well as reticulated python Python reticulatus and mock viper Psammodynastes pulverulentus. In addition, 12 species of amphibians and 11 species of lizard have been recorded, including the endemic Sphenomorphus nigrolabris.

Lake Lindu supports a rich aquatic community, including six species of fish, of which Xenopoecilus sarasinorum is endemic. In addition, three endemic snail species, Brotia scalariopsis, B. teradjarum and Protancyclus adhaerens, and two endemic mussels, Corbicula lindoensis and C. subplanta, are also present (Silvius and Djuharsa, 1989).

Cultural Heritage The valleys of Lore-Besoa, Napu and Bada contain perhaps the finest group of megalithic stone relics in Indonesia, although all but a few lie outside the park boundary. Some 158 individual monuments have been recorded, of which stone images and sarophagi are the most notable. The majority of the population is of the Western Toraja ethnic group who, until the early part of the 20th century, lived a warrior-like lifestyle based on swidden agriculture (Watling and Mulyana, 1981).

Local Human Population In 1981 there were 30,000 people living adjacent to the park, including some 4,550 in the enclaves of Besoa and Lindu. Land use is predominantly sawah (wet rice) cultivation (Watling and Mulyana 1981).

Visitors and Visitor Facilities Lore Lindu receives an average of 600 visitors annually, of which some 10% are foreign. Facilities include nature trails, camp sites, shelters and a visitor centre (PHPA, 1985). The majority of the foreign visitors are bird-watching groups which concentrate on the Kamarora area on the northern boundary (J.W. Thorsell, pers. comm., 1991).

Scientific Research and Facilities Ecological surveys have been conducted by Wirawan (1981) and ornithological studies by Watling (1983) and Van dem Berg (1986). Floral and faunal studies have been undertaken by Watling and Mulyana (1981) and Van Balgooy and Tantra (1986). A study of the Sulawesi palm civet was carried out by Wemmer and Watling (1986). Mammals have been studied by Musser (M.M.J. Van Balgooy, pers. comm., 1991).

Conservation Value The park is of great significance for its biological diversity and contains viable populations of most of Sulawesi's endemic mammals and avifauna. The proximity of some of Indonesia's finest archaeological sites and a dramatic natural setting further enhances the importance for both research and recreation. In addition, maintenance of the forest, particularly the northern watershed around Lake Lindu, is essential for the protection of local fisheries and agricultural production (Watling and Mulyana, 1981).

Conservation Management The management plan makes a number of recommendations including promotion of tourism, economic development of enclaves within the park, staffing increases and training and the development of a system of management zones. These include development zones for tourism, traditional use zones which allow subsistance use of forest products but not settlement, and sanctuary zones in which access is prohibited except for patroling and research. Wilderness zones occupy the remainder of the park, allowing limited traditional access and controlled tourism. Outside the boundary, buffer zones are intended to provide for the long term needs of adjacent settlements (Watling and Mulyana, 1981). There are 20 permanently manned guard posts. Lore Lindu is classified as an "echelon 4" (low priority) protected area, which means that it is treated as a project rather than being allocated its own budget. It is due to receive assistance under the World Bank Forestry 2 loan.

Management Constraints Past management problems have included hunting, agricultural encroachment and over-exploitation of forest produce. However, these are now under control, except for some illegal rattan harvesting (J.W. Thorsell, pers. comm., 1991). Overfishing has resulted in depletion of fish stocks in Lake Lindu, and the endemic fish Xenopoecilus sarasinorum may have become extinct as a result of the introduction of predatory species (Watling and Mulyana, 1981; Silvius and Djuharsa, 1989). According to Permatasari (1989), the Lake Lindu area has been proposed as the site for a major hydroelectric project. A road is currently under construction into Besoa enclave, some 5km having been completed by March 1991 (J.W. Thorsell, pers. comm.).

Staff A total of 75 (1991) including 24 administrative staff in the Palu office and 51 field staff.

Budget Rp 70,000,000 (US$ 43,750) in 1991

Local Addresses

Kepala Sub-Balai (PHPA), JI. Prof. M. Yamin, Kotak Pos 2, Palu 94114, Sulawesi Tenggah (Central Sulawesi)

References

Blower, J.H., Wind J., and Amir, H. (1977). Proposed Lore Kalamanta National Park management plan 1978/79-1980/81. UNDP/FAO Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management Project FO/INS/73/013. Field Report No. 6. FAO, Bogor. (Unseen)

Permatasari, H. (1989). An encounter with Lake Lindu. Environesia 3: 9-10.

Silvius, M.J. and Djuharsa, E. (1989). Lake Lindu (Lore Lindu), Indonesia. In: Scott, D.E. (Ed.), A directory of Asian wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Pp. 1064-1065.

Van Balgooy, M.M.J. and Tantra, I.G.M. (1986). The vegetation in two areas in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian Hutan (Forest Research Bulletin), special edition. Department Kehutanan, Bogor. 61 pp.

Van den Berg, A.B., and Bosman, C.A.W. (1986). Supplementary notes on some birds of Lore Lindu Reserve, Central Sulawesi. Forktail 1: 7-13.

Watling, D. and Mulyana, Y. (1981). Lore Lindu National Park management plan 1981-1986. WWF-Indonesia, Bogor. 76 pp.

Watling, D. (1983). Ornithological notes from Sulawesi. Emu 83: 247-261.

Wemmer, C. and Watling, D. (1986). Ecology and status of the Sulawesi palm civet Macrogalidia musschenbroeckii Schlegel. Biological Conservation 35: 1-17.

Whitten, A.J., Mustafa, M. and Henderson, G.S. (1987). The Ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. 777 pp.

Wirawan, N. (1981). Ecological survey of the proposed Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. WWF Project 1526. Universitas Hasanuddin, Ujung Padang. 84 pp.

Date 1986, reviewed February 1991